Varying with developing of internet, the people who are users of internet are rapidly increasing The tele education basing on internet enters our life step by step The tele education includes two forms: internet teaching and high wideband net visual teaching The signals of picture and voice in the tele visual teaching system can be transited by ground circuit and satellite The teaching,answering problems and test can be realized by them The internet teaching provides signing up, register, exercise and coaching functions for students Two forms of tele education work together and realize tele education

About Tele Education

The aims of this study are to identify large companies’ role in stimulating local entrepreneurship, and higher education institutions’ contribution of fostering entrepreneurial activity in order to achieve an innovative ecosystem and turning Brasov into a startup city. To address the research questions, exploratory research was conducted among 18 representatives of companies and public institutions active in Brasov city, Romania. The findings confirm that large companies engage startups by collaborative models being also available to outsource a series of activities to entrust the startups with. These collaborations bring many opportunities to startups to scale up faster by using large companies’ resources and the routes to the markets on which they operate. Furthermore, this research reveals the need for a better synergy between education, research, and practice and, consequently, an improvement of the academic curriculum. It also exemplifies the need for joined theory and practice to influence policymakers in developing policies to create a sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystem. The empirical results have implications for both the entrepreneurship literature and entrepreneurship policies.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/21/6154/pdf

Sustainable Growth Approaches: Quadruple Helix Approach for Turning Brașov into a Startup City

Immersive and non-immersive virtual reality (NIVR) technology can supplement and improve standard physiotherapy and neurorehabilitation in post-stroke patients. We aimed to use MIRA software to investigate the efficiency of specific NIVR therapy as a standalone intervention, versus standardized physiotherapy for upper extremity rehabilitation in patients post-stroke. Fifty-five inpatients were randomized to control groups (applying standard physiotherapy and dexterity exercises) and experimental groups (applying NIVR and dexterity exercises). The two groups were subdivided into subacute ( six months to four years post-stroke survival patients). The following standardized tests were applied at baseline and after two weeks post-therapy: Fugl–Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity (FMUE), the Modified Rankin Scale (MRS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Active Range of Motion (AROM), Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), and Functional Reach Test (FRT). The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to determine if there were significant differences between the groups, followed with pairwise comparisons. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test was used to determine the significance of pre to post-therapy changes. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test showed significant differences in all four groups regarding MMT, FMUE, and FIM assessments pre- and post-therapy, while for AROM, only experimental groups registered significant differences. Independent Kruskal–Wallis results showed that the subacute experimental group outcomes were statistically significant regarding the assessments, especially in comparison with the control groups. The results suggest that NIVR rehabilitation is efficient to be administered to post-stroke patients, and the study design can be used for a further trial, in the perspective that NIVR therapy can be more efficient than standard physiotherapy within the first six months post-stroke.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/10/9/655/pdf

Non-Immersive Virtual Reality for Post-Stroke Upper Extremity Rehabilitation: A Small Cohort Randomized Trial.

More innovative technologies are used worldwide in patient's rehabilitation after stroke, as it represents a significant cause of disability. The majority of the studies use a single type of therapy in therapeutic protocols. We aimed to identify if the association of virtual reality (VR) therapy and mirror therapy (MT) exercises have better outcomes in lower extremity rehabilitation in post-stroke patients compared to standard physiotherapy. Fifty-nine inpatients from 76 initially identified were included in the research. One experimental group (n = 31) received VR therapy and MT, while the control group (n = 28) received standard physiotherapy. Each group performed seventy minutes of therapy per day for ten days. Statistical analysis was performed with nonparametric tests. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test showed that both groups registered significant differences between pre-and post-therapy clinical status for the range of motion and muscle strength (p < 0.001 and Cohen's d between 0.324 and 0.645). Motor Fugl Meyer Lower Extremity Assessment also suggested significant differences pre-and post-therapy for both groups (p < 0.05 and Cohen's d 0.254 for the control group and 0.685 for the experimental group). Mann-Whitney results suggested that VR and MT as a therapeutic intervention have better outcomes than standard physiotherapy in range of motion (p < 0.05, Cohen's d 0.693), muscle strength (p < 0.05, Cohen's d 0.924), lower extremity functionality (p < 0.05, Cohen's d 0.984) and postural balance (p < 0.05, Cohen's d 0.936). Our research suggests that VR therapy associated with MT may successfully substitute classic physiotherapy in lower extremity rehabilitation after stroke.

Lower Extremity Rehabilitation in Patients with Post-Stroke Sequelae through Virtual Reality Associated with Mirror Therapy.

This research analyzed the combined effect of conventional treatment and virtual reality exposure therapy on the motor function of the upper extremities in people with stroke. We designed a randomized controlled trial set in the rehabilitation and neurology departments of a hospital (Talavera de la Reina, Spain). The subjects included 43 participants, all randomized into experimental (conventional treatment + virtual reality exposure therapy) and control group (conventional treatment).; The main measures were Fugl-Meyer Assessment for upper extremity, Modified Ashworth Scale, and Stroke Impact Scale 3.0. The results included 23 patients in the experimental (62.6 ± 13.5 years) and 20 in the control group (63.6 ± 12.2 years) who completed the study. After the intervention, muscle tone diminished in both groups, more so in the experimental group (mean baseline/post-intervention: from 1.30 to 0.60; η2 = 0.237; p = 0.001). Difficulties in performing functional activities that implicate the upper limb also diminished. Regarding the global recovery from stroke, both groups improved scores, but the experimental group scored significantly higher than the controls (mean baseline/post-intervention: from 28.7 to 86.5; η2 = 0.633; p = 0.000). In conclusion, conventional rehabilitation combined with specific virtual reality seems to be more efficacious than conventional physiotherapy and occupational therapy alone in improving motor function of the upper extremities and the autonomy of survivors of stroke in activities of daily living.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/5/555/pdf

Effects of Specific Virtual Reality-Based Therapy for the Rehabilitation of the Upper Limb Motor Function Post-Ictus: Randomized Controlled Trial

Background and objectives: The Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment (UEFMA) is one of the most recommended and used methods of clinical evaluation not only for post-stroke motor function disability conditions but also for physiotherapy goal-setting. Up to the present, an official Romanian version has not been officially available. This study aims to carry out a translation, adaptation, and validation of UEFMA in Romanian, thus giving both patients and medical practitioners the equal opportunity of benefiting from its proficiency. Material and methods: The English version of the motor component of UEFMA was back and forth translated in the assent of best practice translation guidelines. The research was performed on a group of 64 post-stroke in-patients regarding psychometric properties for content validation and an exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis was performed using the Bayesian model. To assess internal consistency and test–retest reliability, we used the Cronbach Alpha index and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). We used Pearson correlation with the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) to determine concurrent validation. Standardized response mean (SRM) was applied to determine the responsiveness of the instrument used. Results: After performing the exploratory factor analysis, a single factor was extracted, with an Eigenvalue of 19.363, which explained 64.543% of the variation. The model was confirmed by Bayesian exploration, with Root Mean Square Residual (RMR) 0.051, Goodness-of-fit Index (GFI) 0.980, Normed-Fit Index (NFI) 0.978 and Relative Fit Index (RFI) 0.977. The Cronbach Alpha value was 0.981, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) index for average measures was 0.992, the Pearson correlation with FIM 0.789, and MRS −0.787, while the SRM was 1.117. Conclusions: The Romanian version of the UEFMA scale is a reliable, responsive and valid tool which can be used as a standardized assessment in post-stroke patients across Romania.

Equal Opportunities for Stroke Survivors' Rehabilitation: A Study on the Validity of the Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale Translated and Adapted into Romanian.

The COVID-19 pandemic has deepened social and educational asymmetries in some developing countries, such as Romania. Tele-education failed to replace face-to-face education due to the lack of symmetrical policy, connectivity, infrastructure, digitalized educational materials and digital competences. Was this issue predictable and, hence, the stakeholders’ mission failed? Our qualitative research aims at analyzing, in depth, these digitalization asymmetries, with a sample formed of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) specialists working for/with Romanian 1–4 International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) schools. The collected primary data were processed with Atlas.ti 8. The results emphasize major key areas to be addressed with future public symmetrical policy and change management strategies: equal access to infrastructure, as well as development of compulsory and complementary digital skills (for teachers and students). The necessity to support school management in accessing funding is also required to enhance digitalization.

Tele-Education under the COVID-19 Crisis: Asymmetries in Romanian Education

Human Resources Crisis: Identifying Future Entrepreneur's Profile in Romania

This paper is focused on the future trends in international tourism, being of outmost importance to underline that international tourism is emerging while developing new forms of tourism, as for example, youth educational tourism. Hence, there will find success those regions, resorts, businesses that rely themselves on the flexibility and creativity of their services provided, whereas using all the natural resources in an environmentally friendly way. Furthermore, this research shows that as an emerging form of tourism, youth educational tourism shall be re-designed so as to meet the needs of its beneficiaries, being a challenge for tourism providers who shall consider it as a great opportunity to start and develop new businesses and to undertake the challenges offered by the tourists' new visions in the hospitality industry. In this view, the marketing research on the consumers' needs had as general objective to identify the tendency on the Romanian market by analysing the youth's attitudes and behaviours towards educational camps.

https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/download/3310/3092

Future trends on the spot in international tourism - modern youth educational tourism

This paper aims at underlining the importance of mountain tourism within Romanian tourism, being centred on the research and development of mountain shelters so as to increase the tourists' safety and convenience. In this respect, we shall analyse the Romanian market of mountain shelters, identifying the features of supply and demand of shelters both at public and private level and underlying the needs of developing a new product, hereinafter called eco modular shelter . As this new product has been previously designed and commissioned as a prototype by a professional team of engineers and professors, it will be the objective of this paper to identify how the eco modular shelter would meet its basic needs from the point of view of the authorities implied in the process of rescuing endangered lives. Therefore, there will be conducted a qualitative research with some members of the authorities who have been using these shelters both personally and professionally so as to determine if the eco modular shelter meets market needs and to identify its possible customers.

Cristina Nicolau

Papers

Equal Opportunities for Stroke Survivors' Rehabilitation: A Study on the Validity of the Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale Translated and Adapted into Romanian.

Tele-Education under the COVID-19 Crisis: Asymmetries in Romanian Education

Human Resources Crisis: Identifying Future Entrepreneur's Profile in Romania

Future trends on the spot in international tourism - modern youth educational tourism

Qualitative Marketing Research to Improve Mountain Shelter Product Development for Romanian Mountain Tourism