Cyrus Cooper

Bio: Cyrus Cooper is an academic researcher from Southampton General Hospital. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Osteoporosis. The author has an hindex of 204, co-authored 1869 publications receiving 206782 citations. Previous affiliations of Cyrus Cooper include University of Oxford & University of York.

Risk Factors for Hip Fracture

Abstract: Hip fractures are among the most important causes of ill health and death among elderly people. Of white North American women 50 years of age, 17.5 percent will have a hip fracture during their remaining lifetime,1 as will 6 percent of white men of similar age. These fractures will contribute substantially to the 2 million person-years of functional impairment and $45 billion in direct medical costs attributable to osteoporosis in the next 10 years.2 In this issue of the Journal, Cummings and colleagues report the results of a large prospective cohort study in which a wide range of risk factors . . .

UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis

Abstract: The National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG) has revised the UK guideline for the assessment and management of osteoporosis and the prevention of fragility fractures in postmenopausal women, and men age 50 years and older. Accredited by NICE, this guideline is relevant for all healthcare professionals involved in osteoporosis management.The UK National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG) first produced a guideline on the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in 2008, with updates in 2013 and 2017. This paper presents a major update of the guideline, the scope of which is to review the assessment and management of osteoporosis and the prevention of fragility fractures in postmenopausal women, and men age 50 years and older.Where available, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and randomised controlled trials were used to provide the evidence base. Conclusions and recommendations were systematically graded according to the strength of the available evidence.Review of the evidence and recommendations are provided for the diagnosis of osteoporosis, fracture-risk assessment and intervention thresholds, management of vertebral fractures, non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments, including duration and monitoring of anti-resorptive therapy, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, and models of care for fracture prevention. Recommendations are made for training; service leads and commissioners of healthcare; and for review criteria for audit and quality improvement.The guideline, which has received accreditation from the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE), provides a comprehensive overview of the assessment and management of osteoporosis for all healthcare professionals involved in its management. This position paper has been endorsed by the International Osteoporosis Foundation and by the European Society for the Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases.

Fetal growth and autoimmune thyroid disease

Abstract: To determine whether fetal and infant growth could influence susceptibility to autoimmune disease in adults, the occurrence of thyroid autoantibodies and autoimmune thyroiditis was studied in 305 women, aged 60-71, born in Hertfordshire and for whom details of birthweight, infant growth, and feeding were routinely recorded. Thyroglobulin autoantibody was detected in 37% of the women, thyroid peroxidase autoantibody in 41%, and autoimmune thyroiditis, defined as biochemical or clinical hypothyroidism in association with thyroid autoantibodies, in 5.6%. The proportion of women with thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies fell with increasing birthweight but was not related to weight at 1 year of age or the method of infant feeding. The prevalence of both autoantibodies rose with increasing adult body mass index but fell as the waist to hip ratio increased. These results demonstrate the importance of early environment in determining the susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disease. The contrasting effects of adult body mass index and waist to hip ratio on antibody prevalence could be explained by their associations with different hormonal environments.

How to define responders in osteoarthritis

Abstract: Background:Osteoarthritis is a clinical syndrome of failure of the joint accompanied by varying degrees of joint pain, functional limitation, and reduced quality of life due to deterioration of articular cartilage and involvement of other joint structures.Scope:Regulatory agencies require relevant clinical benefit on symptoms and structure modification for registration of a new therapy as a disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug (DMOAD). An international Working Group of the European Society on Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) and International Osteoporosis Foundation was convened to explore the current burden of osteoarthritis, review current regulatory guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials, and examine the concept of responder analyses for improving drug evaluation in osteoarthritis.Findings:The ESCEO considers that the major challenges in DMOAD development are the absence of a precise definition of the disease, particularly in the early stages, and...

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

Using Multivariate Statistics

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Vitamin D Deficiency

Abstract: Once foods in the United States were fortified with vitamin D, rickets appeared to have been conquered, and many considered major health problems from vitamin D deficiency resolved. But vitamin D deficiency is common. This review considers the role of vitamin D in skeletal and nonskeletal health and suggests strategies for the prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency.