Cyrus Cooper

Bio: Cyrus Cooper is an academic researcher from Southampton General Hospital. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Osteoporosis. The author has an hindex of 204, co-authored 1869 publications receiving 206782 citations. Previous affiliations of Cyrus Cooper include University of Oxford & University of York.

The impact of common co-morbidities (as measured using the Charlson index) on hip fracture risk in elderly men: a population-based cohort study

Abstract: We used a large population-based health care database to determine the impact of common co-morbidities on hip fracture risk amongst elderly men. We demonstrated that diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal failure, HIV infection, dementia, and cerebrovascular disease are independent predictors of hip fracture, as is a Charlson score of ≥3. Risk factors for hip fractures in men are still unclear. We aimed to identify common co-morbidities (amongst those in the Charlson index) that confer an increased risk of hip fracture amongst elderly men. We conducted a population-based cohort study using data from the SIDIAP Q database. SIDIAPQ contains primary care and hospital inpatient records of a representative 30 % of the population of Catalonia, Spain (>2 million people). All men aged ≥65 years registered on 1 January 2007 were followed up until 31 December 2009. Both exposure (co-morbidities in the Charlson index) and outcome (incident hip fractures) were ascertained using ICD codes. Poisson regression models were fitted to estimate the effect of (1) each individual co-morbidity and (2) the composite Charlson index score, on hip fracture risk, after adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol drinking, and use of oral glucocorticoids. We observed 186,171 men for a median (inter-quartile range) of 2.99 (2.37–2.99) years. In this time, 1,718 (0.92 %) participants had a hip fracture. The following co-morbidities were independently associated with hip fractures: diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), renal failure, HIV infection, dementia, and cerebrovascular disease. A Charlson score of ≥3 conferred an increased hip fracture risk. Common co-morbidities including diabetes, COPD, cerebrovascular disease, renal failure, and HIV infection are independently associated with an increased risk of hip fracture in elderly men. A Charlson score of 3 or more is associated with a 50 % higher risk of hip fracture in this population.

Maternal antenatal vitamin D status and offspring muscle development: findings from the Southampton women's survey

Abstract: Context: Maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status in pregnancy has been associated with offspring bone development and adiposity. Vitamin D has also been implicated in postnatal muscle function, but little is known about a role for antenatal 25(OH)D exposure in programming muscle development. Objective: We investigated the associations between maternal plasma 25(OH)D status at 34 weeks of gestation and offspring lean mass and muscle strength at 4 years of age. Design and Setting: We studied a prospective UK population–based mother-offspring cohort: the Southampton Women's Survey (SWS). Participants: Initially, 12 583 nonpregnant women were recruited into the SWS, of whom 3159 had singleton pregnancies; 678 mother-child pairs were included in this analysis. Main Outcomes Measured: At 4 years of age, offspring assessments included hand grip strength and whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, yielding lean mass and percent lean mass. Physical activity was assessed by 7-day accelerometry in a subse...

Occupational activity and the risk of osteoarthritis.

Abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) is now recognized as a major public health problem. The risk of OA depends upon factors that increase generalized susceptibility to the disorder, as well as biomechanical factors that modify risk at specific joint sites. Occupational physical activity is one of the important influences in this latter category. Epidemiological evidence has begun to mount that occupational physical activity is a determinant of the risk of knee and hip OA. Occupations that involve regular knee bending and heavy lifting confer a greater likelihood of developing knee OA, while there appears to be a particular propensity for hip OA among farmers. Further research into these relationships will have two important consequences: (1) The issue whether industrial recompense is justified for workers in these industries who develop OA will be clarified. (2) A clearer understanding of the pathophysiology of these relationships will lead to more effective preventive strategies.

Physical Activity Patterns Among Older Adults With and Without Knee Osteoarthritis in Six European Countries

Abstract: Objective To investigate patterns of physical activity in older adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA) compared to older adults without knee OA across 6 European countries. We expect country-specific differences in the physical activity levels between persons with knee OA compared to persons without knee OA. A varying degree of physical activity levels across countries would express a facilitating or impeding influence of the social, environmental, and other contextual factors on a physically active lifestyle. Methods Baseline cross-sectional data from the European Project on Osteoarthritis were analyzed. In total, 2,551 participants from 6 European countries (Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the UK) were included. Results Participants with knee OA were less likely to follow physical activity recommendations and had poorer overall physical activity profiles than those without knee OA (mean 62.9 versus 81.5 minutes/day, respectively; P = 0.015). The magnitude of this difference varied across countries. Detailed analysis showed that low physical activity levels in persons with knee OA could be attributed to less everyday walking time (odds ratio 1.31, 95% confidence interval 1.07–1.62). Conclusion This study highlighted the fact that having knee OA is associated with a varying degree of physical activity patterns in different countries. This national variation implies that low levels of physical activity among persons with knee OA cannot be explained exclusively by individual or disease-specific factors, but that social, environmental, and other contextual factors should also be taken into account.

Grip strength and cardiovascular drug use in older people: findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study

Abstract: Background: reduced grip strength is associated with adverse health consequences, and there is interest in identifying modifiable influences. Cardiovascular drugs are commonly used by older people, but their effect on muscle strength is unclear. Methods: we investigated associations between cardiovascular drug use and grip strength among 1,572 men and 1,415 women, aged 59–73, who participated in the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Results: forty-five percent of participants were taking a cardiovascular drug. Furosemide was associated with average decreases in grip strength of 3.15 kg (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90, 5.39, P Conclusions: use of some cardiovascular drugs is associated with reduced grip strength in older people. These findings have potential implications for the functional ability of older people treated with these drugs

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

Using Multivariate Statistics

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Vitamin D Deficiency

Abstract: Once foods in the United States were fortified with vitamin D, rickets appeared to have been conquered, and many considered major health problems from vitamin D deficiency resolved. But vitamin D deficiency is common. This review considers the role of vitamin D in skeletal and nonskeletal health and suggests strategies for the prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency.