Cyrus Cooper

Bio: Cyrus Cooper is an academic researcher from Southampton General Hospital. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Osteoporosis. The author has an hindex of 204, co-authored 1869 publications receiving 206782 citations. Previous affiliations of Cyrus Cooper include University of Oxford & University of York.

Is caffeine consumption a risk factor for osteoporosis

Abstract: High caffeine consumption has been proposed as a risk factor for osteoporotic fracture, but the evidence associating high caffeine intake with low bone density is inconsistent We therefore examined the influence of caffeine consumption on bone mineral at six skeletal sites in an age-stratified random sample of white women residing in Rochester, Minnesota After age adjustment, there was no association between overall caffeine consumption and bone mineral at five of the six sites In the femoral shaft, however, there was a statistically significant interaction between age and caffeine consumption so that high caffeine intake was associated with slight reductions in bone mineral among elderly subjects but with modestly increased bone mineral at younger ages When caffeine intake was categorized by source, no consistent influence of coffee, tea, or other caffeinated beverage consumption could be detected on bone mineral Caffeine intake was, however, positively associated with cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption After adjusting for age, caffeine consumption was not correlated with biochemical indices of bone turnover, circulating concentrations of estradiol and estrone, or other dietary and musculoskeletal variables These data suggest that caffeine intake in the range consumed by a representative sample of white women is not an important risk factor for osteoporosis Among elderly women, however, in whom calcium balance performance is impaired, high caffeine intake may predispose to cortical bone loss from the proximal femur

Update on the epidemiology of Paget's disease of bone.

Abstract: Paget's disease of bone (PDB) is characterized by rapid bone remodeling and the formation of bone that is structurally abnormal. Recent studies have confirmed that both genetic and environmental factors are important in its etiology. Epidemiological studies in Europe and North America have revealed that PDB shows an increasing frequency of occurrence with age and is more prevalent among men than women. There is marked geographic variation in the prevalence of PDB throughout western nations, with the highest rates reported during the 1970s in Britain. Recent studies of the secular trends in PDB suggest declining rates in both prevalence and severity at diagnosis. Thus, the overall age/sex standardized prevalence rate in Britain during the period 1993-1995 was found to be 2.5% among men and 1.6% among women > or = 55 years of age. Prevalence rates had fallen by approximately 50% in several of the centers studied, suggesting an environmental contribution to the etiology of this disorder. Similar findings have been reported from other European countries and New Zealand. Recent study of the incidence and clinical manifestations of PDB have emerged from large cohort studies in primary care record linkage resources, such as the General Practice Research Database. Over the period 1988-1999, the incidence rate of clinically diagnosed PDB was found to be 5 per 10,000 person-years among men and 3 per 10,000 person-years among women 75 years of age. The disorder was associated with an increased risk of back pain (RR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.9-2.3); osteoarthritis (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.5-1.9); and fracture (RR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.0-1.5). Using life table methodology, the estimated proportion of patients dying within 5 years of follow-up was 32.7% among the cohort with PDB compared with 28.0% among control patients (p < 0.05).

Quality of life assessment in musculo-skeletal health.

Abstract: Musculoskeletal disorders affect morbidity, quality of life and mortality, and represent an increasing economic and societal burden in the context of population aging and increased life expectancy. Improvement of quality of life should be one of the priorities of any interventions to prevent and treat musculoskeletal disorders in the ageing population. Two main approaches, namely generic and disease-specific instruments, can be applied to measure health-related quality of life. Among the generic tools available in scientific literature, the short form 36 questionnaire (SF-36) and the Euroqol five item questionnaire (EQ-5D) are two of the most popular questionnaires used to quantify the health related quality of life in people with musculoskeletal disorders. However, because generic tools may not always be able to detect subtle effects of a specific condition on quality of life, a specific tool is highly valuable. Specific tools improve the ability to clinically characterize quality of life in subjects with a specific musculoskeletal disorder, as well as the capacity to assess changes over time in the QoL of these subjects. The recent development of specific tools should help to validate preventive and therapeutic interventions in this field.

An unbalanced maternal diet in pregnancy associates with offspring epigenetic changes in genes controlling glucocorticoid action and foetal growth

Abstract: Objective: in epidemiological studies, adverse early-life conditions associate with subsequent cardiometabolic disease. Hypothesized causes include maternal malnutrition, foetal glucocorticoid overexposure and reduced growth factors. Animal studies suggest a role for epigenetic processes in maintaining early-life effects into adulthood, but human relevance is unknown. We aimed to investigate relationships between an unbalanced maternal diet in pregnancy, neonatal and adult anthropometric variables with methylation at key genes controlling tissue glucocorticoid action and foetal growth. Design: we studied 34 individuals aged 40 from the Motherwell cohort study whose mothers ate an unbalanced diet in pregnancy, previously linked with elevated blood pressure and cortisol in adult offspring. Measurements: DNA methylation at 11?-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2), glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) was measured by pyrosequencing on buffy coat DNA. Results: methylation at specific CpGs in the HSD2 promoter and at one of the IGF2 differentially methylated regions (H19 ICR) correlated with neonatal anthropometric variables. CpG methylation within HSD2, GR and H19 ICR was positively associated with increased adiposity and blood pressure in adulthood. Methylation at GR (exon 1F) was increased in offspring of mothers with the most unbalanced diets in pregnancy. Conclusions: alterations in DNA methylation at genes important in regulating circulating cortisol levels, tissue glucocorticoid action, blood pressure and foetal growth are present in adulthood in association with both early-life parameters and cardiometabolic risk factors. The data indicate a persisting epigenetic link between early-life maternal diet and/or foetal growth and cardiovascular disease risk in humans

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

Using Multivariate Statistics

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Vitamin D Deficiency

Abstract: Once foods in the United States were fortified with vitamin D, rickets appeared to have been conquered, and many considered major health problems from vitamin D deficiency resolved. But vitamin D deficiency is common. This review considers the role of vitamin D in skeletal and nonskeletal health and suggests strategies for the prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency.