Disease outbreaks due to the consumption of contaminated food and feedstuff are a recurring problem worldwide. The major factor contributing to contamination are microorganisms, especially fungi, which produce low-molecular-weight compounds as secondary metabolites, with confirmed toxic properties referred to as mycotoxins. Several mycotoxins reported to date are cosmopolitan in distribution and incur severe health-associated risks (including cancer and neurological disorders). Hence, creating awareness among consumers, as well as developing new methods for detection and inactivation is of great importance for food safety. In this review, the focus is on the occurrence of various types of mycotoxins in food and feed associated with risks to humans and livestock, as well as legislation put forth by various authorities, and on presently practiced detoxification methods. Brief descriptions on recent developments in mycotoxin detection methodology are also inlcuded. This review is meant to be informative not only for health-conscious consumers but also for experts in the field to pave the way for future research to fill the existing gaps in our knowledge with regard to mycotoxins and food safety.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00094.x

Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Present Status and Future Concerns

3‐Aminopropyltriethoxysilane-Functionalized Bioanalytical Platforms for Biosensors and Diagnostics Sandeep Kumar Vashist,*,†,‡ Edmond Lam, Sabahudin Hrapovic, Keith B. Male, and John H. T. Luong †HSG-IMIT Institut für Mikround Informationstechnik, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ‡Laboratory for MEMS Applications, Department of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada Innovative Chromatography Group, Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), Department of Chemistry and Analytical, Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

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Immobilization of antibodies and enzymes on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-functionalized bioanalytical platforms for biosensors and diagnostics.

Silica gel has been modified with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane under varying conditions, controlling the influence of water in the different modification stages. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform (DRIFT) spectra revealed the influence of surface water in the reaction stage and of air humidity in the curing stage. These results were confirmed and refined by 29Si and 13C cross-polarisation magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMASNMR) spectroscopy. Combining the results of both techniques, four modification structures present on the silica surface are proposed, depending on the conditions used.

Influence of water in the reaction of γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane with silica gel. A Fourier-transform infrared and cross-polarisation magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance study

Systems for positioning and/or analyzing samples such as cells, vesicles, cellular organelles, and fragments, derivatives, and mixtures thereof, for electrical and/or optical analysis, especially relating to the presence and/or activity of ion channels.

Multiaperture sample positioning and analysis system

A theophylline antiserum was covalently immobilized on the
surface of a fused silica fiber, modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
(APTES) and glutaraldehyde, and used as a selective and sensitive
extraction medium for the immunoaffinity solid-phase microextraction (SPME)
determination of theophylline in serum samples The specificity of the
immunoaffinity SPME fiber was first investigated using a fixed
concentration of [3H]theophylline together with various amounts
of interference, possessing no cross-reactivity with the theophylline
antibody No significant non-specific binding was observed The
reproducibility of the fiber preparation and the immunoaffinity SPME
analysis was also investigated, resulting in a relative standard deviation
of 61% for five analyses of the same fiber The antigen–antibody
binding isotherm was obtained by analyzing theophylline standards of
various concentrations (01–5 ng mL−1) until
saturation values were reached Initial binding of theophylline was linear
with a r2 = 0968 The cross-reactivity of the
theophylline immunoaffinity SPME fiber for the structural analog caffeine
was investigated by adding various amounts of caffeine in the presence of
theophylline at a saturation concentration and produced a low
cross-reactivity value of 01% Finally, spiked serum samples (10 and 50 ng
mL−1) were successfully analyzed with an excellent
correlation with the standard binding isotherm, thus confirming the
performance of the immunoaffinity SPME coating for improved bioanalysis

Biological sample analysis with immunoaffinity solid-phase microextraction.

Several methods for immobilizing anti-T2 mycotoxin monoclonal antibodies on quartz fibers, for use in optical sensor development, have been evaluated with respect to the surface density and stability of the immobilized proteins. the first method activates matrix hydroxyl groups using p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (TSC). the second method activates these groups using p-nitrophenyl chloroformate (NPCF). the third method requires an initial silanization using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) followed by carrier activation with glutaraldehyde. the activated carrier in all three methods is then reacted with the amino groups of the protein. the first two non-silanizing coupling methods are simple, inexpensive and non-hazardous compared to the third, more complex method in which an initial Correspondance: to PVS

D. J. Reeder

Papers

Anti-T2 Monoclonal Antibody Immobilization On Quartz Fibers: Stability and Recognition of T2 Mycotoxin