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Author

D N Raine

Bio: D N Raine is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Human genetics. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publications receiving 486 citations.

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Methodes d'extraction d'enzymes, d'electrophorese en gel and de coloration specifique des enzymes utilisees pour etudier la variation genetique chez Escherichia coli et d'autres bacteries.
Abstract: Methodes d'extraction d'enzymes, d'electrophorese en gel et de coloration specifique des enzymes utilisees pour etudier la variation genetique chez Escherichia coli et d'autres bacteries. Les procedures decrites peuvent s'appliquer, avec quelques modifications mineures, a toute espece de bacterie

1,434 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Strain differentiation by IS6110 RFLP or mixed-linker PCR are the methods of choice for epidemiological investigations, indicating a clonal population structure of M. tuberculosis strains.
Abstract: In this study, the currently known typing methods for Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were evaluated with regard to reproducibility, discrimination, and specificity Therefore, 90 M tuberculosis complex strains, originating from 38 countries, were tested in five restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing methods and in seven PCR-based assays In all methods, one or more repetitive DNA elements were targeted The strain typing and the DNA fingerprint analysis were performed in the laboratory most experienced in the respective method To examine intralaboratory reproducibility, blinded duplicate samples were included The specificities of the various methods were tested by inclusion of 10 non-M tuberculosis complex strains All five RFLP typing methods were highly reproducible The reliability of the PCR-based methods was highest for the mixed-linker PCR, followed by variable numbers of tandem repeat (VNTR) typing and spoligotyping In contrast, the double repetitive element PCR (DRE-PCR), IS6110 inverse PCR, IS6110 ampliprinting, and arbitrarily primed PCR (APPCR) typing were found to be poorly reproducible The 90 strains were best discriminated by IS6110 RFLP typing, yielding 84 different banding patterns, followed by mixed-linker PCR (81 patterns), APPCR (71 patterns), RFLP using the polymorphic GC-rich sequence as a probe (70 patterns), DRE-PCR (63 patterns), spoligotyping (61 patterns), and VNTR typing (56 patterns) We conclude that for epidemiological investigations, strain differentiation by IS6110 RFLP or mixed-linker PCR are the methods of choice A strong association was found between the results of different genetic markers, indicating a clonal population structure of M tuberculosis strains Several separate genotype families within the M tuberculosis complex could be recognized on the basis of the genetic markers used

616 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For example, forensic DNA analysis is key to the conviction or exoneration of suspects and the identification of victims of crimes, accidents and disasters, driving the development of innovative methods in molecular genetics, statistics and the use of massive intelligence databases as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Sherlock Holmes said "it has long been an axiom of mine that the little things are infinitely the most important", but never imagined that such a little thing, the DNA molecule, could become perhaps the most powerful single tool in the multifaceted fight against crime. Twenty years after the development of DNA fingerprinting, forensic DNA analysis is key to the conviction or exoneration of suspects and the identification of victims of crimes, accidents and disasters, driving the development of innovative methods in molecular genetics, statistics and the use of massive intelligence databases.

548 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings suggest that populations of these shore fishes are in at least a quasi‐equilibrium with respect to migration, mutation, and genetic drift.
Abstract: Ten species of marine shore fishes with a wide range of life-history strategies were collected from four areas in southern California, U.S.A., and Baja California, Mexico, and examined for patterns of genetic differentiation. Multilocus D and FST values (based on 32-42 presumptive gene loci in each species) were both negatively correlated with estimated dispersal capability. These results were robust to variations in the number and type of loci used in the analysis and are compatible with the hypothesis that levels of genetic differentiation in these shore fishes are determined primarily by gene flow and genetic drift. There is no a priori reason to expect the observed correlation to result from natural selection or historical factors. The findings thus suggest that populations of these shore fishes are in at least a quasi-equilibrium with respect to migration, mutation, and genetic drift. Present data were also used to compare estimates of mNe obtained by three different methods. Estimates based on FST values calculated by the methods of Nei and Chesser (FST(N) ) and Weir and Cockerham (FST(W) ) were highly correlated, but FST(N) ≤ FST(W) for every species, leading to generally higher mNe estimates for Nei and Chesser's method. Estimates of mNe based on the frequency of private alleles (Slatkin, 1985a) were not as strongly correlated with dispersal capability as were FST and D values. A low incidence of private alleles in many species may be responsible for this relatively weak correlation and may limit the general usefulness of Slatkin's method. In spite of their sensitivity to natural selection, FST and D may be better indicators of relative gene flow levels for high gene flow species.

489 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The isolation and application of microsatellites to research fields as diverse as population genetics, parentage analyses and genome mapping are reviewed and potential problems associated with investigating variation at microsatellite loci are proposed.
Abstract: For the last 30 years, attempts have been made to discriminate among fish populations by using molecular markers. Although some techniques have proved successful in certain circumstances, the consistent trend to newer markers among fishery geneticists highlights the general lack of resolving power observed with older technologies. The last decade has seen the increasing use of satellite DNA in investigations of genetic variability and divergence. Applications to fish and fisheries-related issues initially concentrated on minisatellite single-locus probes. Although minisatellites have successfully addressed a number of fishery-related questions, this class of satellite DNA has not been widely adopted by fishery geneticists. Most of the current research effort is concentrated on another class of satellite DNA called microsatellites. The large interest in microsatellite loci is largely due to the very high levels of variability that have been observed and the ability to investigate this variation using PCR technology. The isolation and application of microsatellites to research fields as diverse as population genetics, parentage analyses and genome mapping are reviewed. Despite the undisputed advantages that the marker possesses, there are a number of potential problems associated with investigating variation at microsatellite loci. Statistical considerations (e.g. appropriate sample sizes, number of loci and the mutation model assumptions on which the estimate is based) have not been considered in detail yet and the problems are often exacerbated in fish species, as some species show very large numbers of alleles at microsatellite loci. These issues and others, e.g. null alleles, are reviewed and possible solutions are proposed

393 citations