http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5610941/5624686/05624745.pdf

Power electronics

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Power Electronics Converters Applications And Design

Energy crisis and environmental issues have encouraged the adoption of electric vehicle as an alternative transportation option to the conventional internal combustion engine vehicle. Recently, the development of smart grid concept in power grid has advanced the role of electric vehicles in the form of vehicle to grid technology. Vehicle to grid technology allows bidirectional energy exchange between electric vehicles and the power grid, which offers numerous services to the power grid, such as power grid regulation, spinning reserve, peak load shaving, load leveling and reactive power compensation. As the implementation of vehicle to grid technology is a complicated unit commitment problem with different conflicting objectives and constraints, optimization techniques are usually utilized. This paper reviews the framework, benefits and challenges of vehicle to grid technology. This paper also summarizes the main optimization techniques to achieve different vehicle to grid objectives while satisfying multiple constraints.

Integration of electric vehicles in smart grid: A review on vehicle to grid technologies and optimization techniques

Active power decoupling methods are developed to deal with the inherent ripple power at twice the grid frequency in single-phase systems generally by adding active switches and energy storage units. They have obtained a wide range of applications, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) drivers, fuel cell (FC) power systems, and electric vehicle (EV) battery chargers, etc. This paper provides a comprehensive review of active power decoupling circuit topologies. They are categorized into two groups in terms of the structure characteristics: independent and dependent decoupling circuit topologies. The former operates independently with the original converter, and the latter, however, shares the power semiconductor devices with the original converter partially and even completely. The development laws for the active power decoupling topologies are revealed from the view of “duality principle,” “switches sharing,” and “differential connection.” In addition, the exceptions and special cases are also briefly introduced. This paper is targeted to help researchers, engineers, and designers to construct some new decoupling circuit topologies and properly select existing ones according to the specific application.

Review of Active Power Decoupling Topologies in Single-Phase Systems

This paper proposes the use of a least mean fourth (LMF)-based algorithm for single-stage three-phase grid-integrated solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. It consists of an SPV array, voltage source converter (VSC), three-phase grid, and linear/nonlinear loads. This system has an SPV array coupled with a VSC to provide three-phase active power and also acts as a static compensator for the reactive power compensation. It also conforms to an IEEE-519 standard on harmonics by improving the quality of power in the three-phase distribution network. Therefore, this system serves to provide harmonics alleviation, load balancing, power factor correction and regulating the terminal voltage at the point of common coupling. In order to increase the efficiency and maximum power to be extracted from the SPV array at varying environmental conditions, a single-stage system is used along with perturb and observe method of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) integrated with the LMF-based control technique. The proposed system is modeled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink with available simpower system toolbox and the behaviour of the system under different loads and environmental conditions are verified experimentally on a developed system in the laboratory.

LMF-Based Control Algorithm for Single Stage Three-Phase Grid Integrated Solar PV System

This paper deals with a modified technique for the recognition of single stage and multiple power quality (PQ) disturbances. An algorithm based on Stockwell's transform and artificial neural network-based classifier and a rule-based decision tree is proposed in this paper. The analysis and classification of single stage PQ disturbances consisting of both events and variations such as sag, swell, interruption, harmonics, transients, notch, spike, and flicker are presented. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is also applied on multiple PQ disturbances such as harmonics with sag, swell, flicker, and interruption. A database of these PQ disturbances based on IEEE-1159 standard is generated in MATLAB for simulation studies. The proposed algorithm extracts significant features of various PQ disturbances using S-transform, which are used as input to this hybrid classifier for the classification of PQ disturbances. Satisfactory results of effective recognition and classification of PQ disturbances are obtained with the proposed algorithm. Finally, the proposed method is also implemented on real-time PQ events acquired in a laboratory to confirm the validity of this algorithm in practical conditions.

Recognition of Power-Quality Disturbances Using S-Transform-Based ANN Classifier and Rule-Based Decision Tree

This study deals with a NN (neural-network)-based control algorithm of a grid interfaced SPV (solar photovoltaic) generating system. The proposed grid interfaced SPV generating system utilises a NN control algorithm-based on the LMS (least mean-square), known as Adaline (adaptive linear element) to estimate reference grid currents. A DC-DC boost converter is used for achieving the maximum power point tracking between SPV and DC bus of four-leg VSC (voltage source converter) interfaced to a three-phase, four-wire distribution system. The four-leg VSC of SPV generating system is also used for the compensation of the reactive power for zero voltage regulation or for power factor correction along with load balancing, elimination of load harmonics currents and mitigation of neutral current at PCC (point of common coupling) in three-phase four-wire distribution system. The DC bus of VSC is supported by a capacitor which is fed by SPV energy through a DC-DC boost converter. A laboratory prototype of proposed grid interfaced SPV generating system is developed to validate its developed model and the NN-based control algorithm.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0166

Neural network controlled grid interfaced solar photovoltaic power generation

In this paper, a configuration of a single-phase bidirectional AC-DC converter and bidirectional DC-DC converter is proposed to transfer electrical power from the grid to an electrical vehicle (EV) and from an EV to the grid while keeping improved power factor of the grid In first stage, a 230 V 50 Hz AC supply is converted in to 380V dc using a single-phase bidirectional AC-DC converter and in the second stage, a bidirectional buck-boost dc-dc converter is used to charge and discharge the battery of the PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) In discharging mode, it delivers energy back to the grid at 230V, 50 Hz A battery with the charging power of 12 kW at 120V is used in PHEV The buck-boost DC-DC converter is used in buck mode to charge and in a boost mode to discharge the battery A proportional-integral (PI) controller is used to control the charging current and voltage Simulated results validate the effectiveness of proposed algorithm and the feasibility of system

Grid to vehicle and vehicle to grid energy transfer using single-phase bidirectional AC-DC converter and bidirectional DC-DC converter

This paper presents a novel concept of utilizing solar photovoltaic (SPV) generating systems to improve the power factor to unity or to regulate a voltage at point of common coupling (PCC) of a three phase system. A three-phase VSC (voltage source converter) of this system eliminates harmonics currents, balances loads and compensates reactive power for power factor correction (PFC) or zero voltage regulation (ZVR) at AC mains. The VSC consists of a DC bus capacitor at its DC bus which is fed by SPV energy. DC voltage PI controller regulates the DC bus voltage at the time of load variation. The grid interfaced solar PV power generating system is tested for PFC and ZVR mode of operation along with harmonics currents elimination and load balancing of linear and nonlinear loads.

Grid interfaced solar photovoltaic power generating system with power quality improvement at AC mains

This paper presents a dual tree-complex wavelet transform-based control algorithm for a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) to improve the power quality (PQ) in a distribution system. PQ disturbances like harmonics and starting as well as ending of unbalancing in all phase load currents are also assessed simultaneously. The distorted load current of each phase is decomposed into various frequency levels with this technique to extract respective line frequency component for the estimation of the reference active power component. The deviations of respective sensed load currents from these estimated reference components are used to generate the reference currents for the control of voltage source converter used as DSTATCOM. Simulated performance of DSTATCOM is presented at varying load conditions. The proposed control algorithm is also validated experimentally on a laboratory prototype of DSTATCOM. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of supply current is obtained below 5 percent with unity power factor under different load conditions which is satisfactory as per IEEE-519 standard.

D. T. Shahani

Papers

Recognition of Power-Quality Disturbances Using S-Transform-Based ANN Classifier and Rule-Based Decision Tree

Neural network controlled grid interfaced solar photovoltaic power generation

Grid to vehicle and vehicle to grid energy transfer using single-phase bidirectional AC-DC converter and bidirectional DC-DC converter

Grid interfaced solar photovoltaic power generating system with power quality improvement at AC mains

Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform-Based Control Algorithm for Power Quality Improvement in a Distribution System