Nouveau Traité de Chimie Minérale.

Over the last decade, the electric vehicle (EV) has significantly changed the car industry globally, driven by the fast development of Li-ion battery technology. However, the fire risk and hazard associated with this type of high-energy battery has become a major safety concern for EVs. This review focuses on the latest fire-safety issues of EVs related to thermal runaway and fire in Li-ion batteries. Thermal runaway or fire can occur as a result of extreme abuse conditions that may be the result of the faulty operation or traffic accidents. Failure of the battery may then be accompanied by the release of toxic gas, fire, jet flames, and explosion. This paper is devoted to reviewing the battery fire in battery EVs, hybrid EVs, and electric buses to provide a qualitative understanding of the fire risk and hazards associated with battery powered EVs. In addition, important battery fire characteristics involved in various EV fire scenarios, obtained through testing, are analysed. The tested peak heat release rate (PHHR in MW) varies with the energy capacity of LIBs ($$E_{B}$$ in Wh) crossing different scales as $$PHRR = 2E_{B}^{0.6}$$. For the full-scale EV fire test, limited data have revealed that the heat release and hazard of an EV fire are comparable to that of a fossil-fuelled vehicle fire. Once the onboard battery involved in fire, there is a greater difficulty in suppressing EV fires, because the burning battery pack inside is inaccessible to externally applied suppressant and can re-ignite without sufficient cooling. As a result, an excessive amount of suppression agent is needed to cool the battery, extinguish the fire, and prevent reignition. By addressing these concerns, this review aims to aid researchers and industries working with batteries, EVs and fire safety engineering, to encourage active research collaborations, and attract future research and development on improving the overall safety of future EVs. Only then will society achieve the same comfort level for EVs as they have for conventional vehicles.

A review of battery fires in electric vehicles

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) powered by renewable energy is an attractive sustainable approach to mitigate CO2 emissions and to produce fuels or value-added chemicals. In order to tackle the challenges related to selectivity, activity, overpotential and durability, transition metal-based catalysts have been widely investigated in the last decades. In an effort to bridge the gap between the fields of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, this review aims to survey the main strategies explored for the rational design of a wide variety of different metal catalysts, ranging from molecular systems to single-atom and nanostructured catalysts. Transition metal complexes containing heme and non-heme ligands have been selected to discuss the recent advances in the understanding of the structure–function relationship in molecular homogeneous catalysis as well as to summarize the main approaches proposed for the heterogenization or confinement of molecular catalysts on conductive surfaces. The main strategies to minimize catalyst cost are also presented, leading to atomically dispersed molecular-like M–Nx moieties embedded on 2D conducting materials. The superior performances of single-atom catalysts (SACs) and the structural similarity with their molecular analogs, suggest that transition metal catalysts containing well-defined sites may be intrinsically more active and selective towards CO2 conversion than the bulk heterogeneous materials. Finally, design approaches for metal nanoparticles (NPs) based on size, shape, and support tuning are summarized and compared to novel strategies based on the interaction with surface-bonded organic molecules. The studies herein presented show that the basic principles in molecular catalysis and organometallic chemistry can be effectively used to design new efficient and selective heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 reduction.

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Transition metal-based catalysts for the electrochemical CO2 reduction: from atoms and molecules to nanostructured materials

Direct combustion of recyclable metal fuels for zero-carbon heat and power

Electrochemical conversion of CO2 to useful products at temperatures below 100 °C is nearing the commercial scale. Pilot units for CO2 conversion to CO are already being tested. Units to convert CO2 to formic acid are projected to reach pilot scale in the next year. Further, several investigators are starting to observe industrially relevant rates of the electrochemical conversion of CO2 to ethanol and ethylene, with the hydrogen needed coming from water. In each case, Faradaic efficiencies of 80% or more and current densities above 200 mA cm−2 can be reproducibly achieved. Here we describe the key advances in nanocatalysts that lead to the impressive performance, indicate where additional work is needed and provide benchmarks that others can use to compare their results. This Perspective describes the key advances in nanocatalysts that have led to the impressive electrochemical conversion of CO2 to useful products and provides benchmarks that others can use to compare their results.

An industrial perspective on catalysts for low-temperature CO2 electrolysis

A review on lithium combustion

Industrial Application Aspects of the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to CO in Aqueous Electrolyte

A method and apparatus for converting carbon dioxide into chemical starting materials, the method comprising the steps of: isolating the carbon dioxide from flue gas emitted by a combustion system and burning an electropositive metal in an at mosphere of said isolated carbon dioxide to reduce said carbon dioxide into said chemical starting materials.

A method and a system for converting carbon dioxide into chemical starting materials

Experimental characterization of the combustion of single lithium particles with CO2

The invention relates to a dielectric layer (4) for an electrical component (100), comprising an organic dielectric on a circuit board substrate (1), a prepreg or a circuit board, wherein the dielectric layer comprises an ionic liquid, preferably in a polymer matrix, and an electrical component, comprising a first electrode layer (2), an organic insulating layer (3), which is arranged on the first electrode layer in a monolayer, a dielectric layer, which comprises an ionic liquid in a polymer matrix and is arranged on the organic insulating layer, and a second electrode layer (5), which is arranged on the dielectric layer.

Dielectric layer for an electrical component, electrical component comprising a dielectric layer and method for producing an electrical component comprising a dielectric layer

Dan Taroata

Papers

A review on lithium combustion

Industrial Application Aspects of the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to CO in Aqueous Electrolyte

A method and a system for converting carbon dioxide into chemical starting materials

Experimental characterization of the combustion of single lithium particles with CO2

Dielectric layer for an electrical component, electrical component comprising a dielectric layer and method for producing an electrical component comprising a dielectric layer