Dana M. Spence

Bio: Dana M. Spence is an academic researcher from Michigan State University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Red blood cell & Nitric oxide. The author has an hindex of 32, co-authored 89 publications receiving 3897 citations. Previous affiliations of Dana M. Spence include Wayne State University & Saint Louis University.

Evaluation of 3D printing and its potential impact on biotechnology and the chemical sciences.

Abstract: Nearing 30 years since its introduction, 3D printing technology is set to revolutionize research and teaching laboratories. This feature encompasses the history of 3D printing, reviews various printing methods, and presents current applications. The authors offer an appraisal of the future direction and impact this technology will have on laboratory settings as 3D printers become more accessible.

3D printed microfluidic devices with integrated versatile and reusable electrodes

Abstract: We report two 3D printed devices that can be used for electrochemical detection In both cases, the electrode is housed in commercially available, polymer-based fittings so that the various electrode materials (platinum, platinum black, carbon, gold, silver) can be easily added to a threaded receiving port printed on the device; this enables a module-like approach to the experimental design, where the electrodes are removable and can be easily repolished for reuse after exposure to biological samples The first printed device represents a microfluidic platform with a 500 × 500 μm channel and a threaded receiving port to allow integration of either polyetheretherketone (PEEK) nut-encased glassy carbon or platinum black (Pt-black) electrodes for dopamine and nitric oxide (NO) detection, respectively The embedded 1 mm glassy carbon electrode had a limit of detection (LOD) of 500 nM for dopamine and a linear response (R2 = 099) for concentrations between 25–500 μM When the glassy carbon electrode was coated with 005% Nafion, significant exclusion of nitrite was observed when compared to signal obtained from equimolar injections of dopamine When using flow injection analysis with a Pt/Pt-black electrode and standards derived from NO gas, a linear correlation (R2 = 099) over a wide range of concentrations (76–190 μM) was obtained, with the LOD for NO being 1 μM The second application showcases a 3D printed fluidic device that allows collection of the biologically relevant analyte adenosine triphosphate (ATP) while simultaneously measuring the release stimulus (reduced oxygen concentration) The hypoxic sample (48 ± 05 ppm oxygen) released 24 ± 04 times more ATP than the normoxic sample (84 ± 06 ppm oxygen) Importantly, the results reported here verify the reproducible and transferable nature of using 3D printing as a fabrication technique, as devices and electrodes were moved between labs multiple times during completion of the study

Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry by 3D Printing

Abstract: ■ CONTENTS Traditional Fabrication Techniques 57 Benefits of 3D Printing 58 3D Printing Techniques and Applications 59 Stereolithography 59 Technology 59 Applications 59 Selective Laser Sintering 61 Technology 61 Applications 61 Inkjet and Polyjet Printing 62 Technology 62 Applications 62 Fused Deposition Modeling 64 Technology 64 Applications 64 Laminated Object Manufacturing 65 Technology 65 Applications 65 Direct Printing 65 Metal Printers 65 Wire-Feed Additive Manufacturing 65 Applications 65 Bioprinters 66 Technology 66 Applications 67 Automation 67 Selecting a Printer 67 Conclusions and Future Directions 67 Author Information 68 Corresponding Author 68 ORCID 68 Author Contributions 68 Notes 68 Biographies 68 References 68

A 3D printed fluidic device that enables integrated features.

Abstract: Fluidic devices fabricated using conventional soft lithography are well suited as prototyping methods. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, commonly used for producing design prototypes in industry, allows for one step production of devices. 3D printers build a device layer by layer based on 3D computer models. Here, a reusable, high throughput, 3D printed fluidic device was created that enables flow and incorporates a membrane above a channel in order to study drug transport and affect cells. The device contains 8 parallel channels, 3 mm wide by 1.5 mm deep, connected to a syringe pump through standard, threaded fittings. The device was also printed to allow integration with commercially available membrane inserts whose bottoms are constructed of a porous polycarbonate membrane; this insert enables molecular transport to occur from the channel to above the well. When concentrations of various antibiotics (levofloxacin and linezolid) are pumped through the channels, approximately 18–21% of the drug migrates t...

3D-printed microfluidic devices: fabrication, advantages and limitations—a mini review

Abstract: A mini-review with 79 references. In this review, the most recent trends in 3D-printed microfluidic devices are discussed. In addition, a focus is given to the fabrication aspects of these devices, with the ESI containing detailed instructions for designing a variety of structures including: a microfluidic channel, threads to accommodate commercial fluidic fittings, a flow splitter; a well plate, a mold for PDMS channel casting; and how to combine multiple designs into a single device. The advantages and limitations of 3D-printed microfluidic devices are thoroughly discussed, as are some future directions for the field.

Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects

Abstract: Additive manufacturing processes such as 3D printing use time-consuming, stepwise layer-by-layer approaches to object fabrication. We demonstrate the continuous generation of monolithic polymeric parts up to tens of centimeters in size with feature resolution below 100 micrometers. Continuous liquid interface production is achieved with an oxygen-permeable window below the ultraviolet image projection plane, which creates a "dead zone" (persistent liquid interface) where photopolymerization is inhibited between the window and the polymerizing part. We delineate critical control parameters and show that complex solid parts can be drawn out of the resin at rates of hundreds of millimeters per hour. These print speeds allow parts to be produced in minutes instead of hours.

Micromachining a miniaturized capillary electrophoresis-based chemical analysis system on a chip

Abstract: Micromachining technology was used to prepare chemical analysis systems on glass chips (1 centimeter by 2 centimeters or larger) that utilize electroosmotic pumping to drive fluid flow and electrophoretic separation to distinguish sample components. Capillaries 1 to 10 centimeters long etched in the glass (cross section, 10 micrometers by 30 micrometers) allow for capillary electrophoresis-based separations of amino acids with up to 75,000 theoretical plates in about 15 seconds, and separations of about 600 plates can be effected within 4 seconds. Sample treatment steps within a manifold of intersecting capillaries were demonstrated for a simple sample dilution process. Manipulation of the applied voltages controlled the directions of fluid flow within the manifold. The principles demonstrated in this study can be used to develop a miniaturized system for sample handling and separation with no moving parts.

Evaluation of 3D printing and its potential impact on biotechnology and the chemical sciences.

Abstract: Nearing 30 years since its introduction, 3D printing technology is set to revolutionize research and teaching laboratories. This feature encompasses the history of 3D printing, reviews various printing methods, and presents current applications. The authors offer an appraisal of the future direction and impact this technology will have on laboratory settings as 3D printers become more accessible.