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Daniel Rainham

Bio: Daniel Rainham is an academic researcher from Dalhousie University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Medicine. The author has an hindex of 22, co-authored 74 publications receiving 2154 citations. Previous affiliations of Daniel Rainham include University of Ottawa & University of Alberta.


Papers
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TL;DR: This study demonstrates the feasibility of using satellite derived pollution concentrations in assessing the population health impacts of air pollution at the global scale and leads to global estimates of mortality attributable to PM( 2.5) that are greater than those based on fixed site ground-level measures of urban PM(2.5).

244 citations

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TL;DR: The need to move beyond conventional place-based perspectives in health research is introduced, and the theoretical contributions of time geography and spatial ecology are invoked as opportunities to integrate human agency into contextual models of health.

207 citations

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TL;DR: Current ongoing analysis using the extended follow-up information will explore the role of ecologic, economic, and, demographic covariates in the particulate air pollution and mortality association, and whether critical instances in time of exposure to fine particles influence the risk of mortality from cardiopulmonary and lung cancer.
Abstract: This article provides an overview of previous analysis and reanalysis of the American Cancer Society (ACS) cohort, along with an indication of current ongoing analyses of the cohort with additional follow-up information through to 2000. Results of the first analysis conducted by Pope et al. (1995) showed that higher average sulfate levels were associated with increased mortality, particularly from cardiopulmonary disease. A reanalysis of the ACS cohort, undertaken by Krewski et al. (2000), found the original risk estimates for fine-particle and sulfate air pollution to be highly robust against alternative statistical techniques and spatial modeling approaches. A detailed investigation of covariate effects found a significant modifying effect of education with risk of mortality associated with fine particles declining with increasing educational attainment. Pope et al. (2002) subsequently reported results of a subsequent study using an additional 10 yr of follow-up of the ACS cohort. This updated analysis included gaseous copollutant and new fine-particle measurements, more comprehensive information on occupational exposures, dietary variables, and the most recent developments in statistical modeling integrating random effects and nonparametric spatial smoothing into the Cox proportional hazards model. Robust associations between ambient fine particulate air pollution and elevated risks of cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality were clearly evident, providing the strongest evidence to date that long-term exposure to fine particles is an important health risk. Current ongoing analysis using the extended follow-up information will explore the role of ecologic, economic, and, demographic covariates in the particulate air pollution and mortality association. This analysis will also provide insight into the role of spatial autocorrelation at multiple geographic scales, and whether critical instances in time of exposure to fine particles influence the risk of mortality from cardiopulmonary and lung cancer. Information on the influence of covariates at multiple scales and of critical exposure time windows can assist policymakers in establishing timelines for regulatory interventions that maximize population health benefits.

189 citations

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TL;DR: Vulnerability is likely to increase as the population ages, and ongoing urban development and sprawl are expected to intensify heat-stress conditions in Southern Ontario, and actions should be taken to reduce vulnerability to heat stress conditions.
Abstract: The Toronto-Windsor corridor of Southern Ontario, Canada, experiences hot and humid weather conditions in summer, thus exposing the population to heat stress and a greater risk of mortality. In the event of a climate change, heat-stress conditions may become more frequent and severe in Southern Ontario. To assess the impact of summer weather on health, we analyzed heat-related mortality in the elderly (older than 64 years) in the metropolitan areas of Windsor, London, Kitchener-Waterloo-Cambridge, Hamilton, and Toronto for a 17-year period. Demographic, socioeconomic, and housing factors were also evaluated to assess their effect on the potential of the population to adapt and their vulnerability to heat stress. Heat-stress days were defined as those with an apparent temperature (heat index) above 32 degrees C. Mortality among the elderly was significantly higher on heat-stress days than on non-heat-stress days in all cities except Windsor. The strongest relationships occurred in Toronto and London, followed by Hamilton. Cities with the greatest heat-related mortality have relatively high levels of urbanization and high costs of living. Even without the warming induced by a climate change, (1) vulnerability is likely to increase as the population ages, and (2) ongoing urban development and sprawl are expected to intensify heat-stress conditions in Southern Ontario. Actions should be taken to reduce vulnerability to heat stress conditions, and to develop a comprehensive hot weather watch/warning system for the region.

187 citations

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TL;DR: Findings reveal that the journeys between locations are as important as home and school settings in contributing to greater MVPA in adolescent youth.

157 citations


Cited by
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TL;DR: This book is dedicated to the memory of those who have served in the armed forces and their families during the conflicts of the twentieth century.

2,628 citations

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TL;DR: The epidemiological evidence of how climate variations and trends affect various health outcomes is summarised and evidence and anticipation of adverse health effects will strengthen the case for pre-emptive policies, and guide priorities for planned adaptive strategies.

2,205 citations

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TL;DR: The association between income deprivation and mortality differed significantly across the groups of exposure to green space for mortality from all causes and circulatory disease, but not from lung cancer or intentional self-harm, which suggests physical environments that promote good health might be important to reduce socioeconomic health inequalities.

1,540 citations

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TL;DR: A fine particulate mass–based RR model that covered the global range of exposure by integrating RR information from different combustion types that generate emissions of particulate matter is developed.
Abstract: Background: Estimating the burden of disease attributable to long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ambient air requires knowledge of both the shape and magnitude of the relative ...

1,468 citations