Danielle J. Smyth

Bio: Danielle J. Smyth is an academic researcher from University of Dundee. The author has contributed to research in topics: Immune system. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publications receiving 1 citations.

Review—Interleukins Profiling for Biosensing Applications: Possibilities and the Future of Disease Detection

Abstract: Interleukins (ILs) are a major subclass of cytokines acting as molecular messengers playing role in immune system responses via a cascade of signaling pathways. Belonging to the cytokine family, the ILs play a crucial role in the theranostics of various diseases. Their abnormal expression leads to the development of various diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases, and other physiological abnormalities. This paves the path of exploring the ILs for the development of sensitive and efficient biosensors and promoting them for clinical testing in a wide array of diseases. Further, detecting the level of ILs is very important for their early diagnosis and their progression within the body, and simultaneously their possible immunotherapeutic approaches. To achieve this goal, multidisciplinary scientific approaches involving immunology, electrochemistry, nanotechnology, photometry, etc. are already being put into action. The advancements in nanoscience and nanotechnology are aiding the development of highly sensitive biosensors for ILs detection. This review focuses on giving a detailed description of all the presently discovered ILs and their role in various diseases. Simultaneously, it also discusses the various electrochemical biosensors that can be employed for the detection of ILs in body fluids. Moreover, the role of nanomaterials in electrochemical biosensing is also discussed in this review.

Rhinitis associated with asthma is distinct from rhinitis alone: The ARIA‐MeDALL hypothesis

Abstract: Asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis (AD) are interrelated clinical phenotypes that partly overlap in the human interactome. The concept of “one‐airway‐one‐disease,” coined over 20 years ago, is a simplistic approach of the links between upper‐ and lower‐airway allergic diseases. With new data, it is time to reassess the concept. This article reviews (i) the clinical observations that led to Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA), (ii) new insights into polysensitization and multimorbidity, (iii) advances in mHealth for novel phenotype definitions, (iv) confirmation in canonical epidemiologic studies, (v) genomic findings, (vi) treatment approaches, and (vii) novel concepts on the onset of rhinitis and multimorbidity. One recent concept, bringing together upper‐ and lower‐airway allergic diseases with skin, gut, and neuropsychiatric multimorbidities, is the “Epithelial Barrier Hypothesis.” This review determined that the “one‐airway‐one‐disease” concept does not always hold true and that several phenotypes of disease can be defined. These phenotypes include an extreme “allergic” (asthma) phenotype combining asthma, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis. Rhinitis alone and rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity represent two distinct diseases with the following differences: (i) genomic and transcriptomic background (Toll‐Like Receptors and IL‐17 for rhinitis alone as a local disease; IL‐33 and IL‐5 for allergic and non‐allergic multimorbidity as a systemic disease), (ii) allergen sensitization patterns (mono‐ or pauci‐sensitization versus polysensitization), (iii) severity of symptoms, and (iv) treatment response. In conclusion, rhinitis alone (local disease) and rhinitis with asthma multimorbidity (systemic disease) should be considered as two distinct diseases, possibly modulated by the microbiome, and may be a model for understanding the epidemics of chronic and autoimmune diseases.