Note on Translation Introduction by Michael Holquist Response to a Question from the Novy Mir Editorial Staff The Bildungsroman and Its Significance in the History of Realism (Toward a Historical Typology of the Novel) The Problem of Speech Genres The Problem of the Text in Linguistics, Philology, and the Human Sciences: An Experiment in Philosophical Analysis From Notes Made in 1970-71 Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences Index

Speech Genres and Other Late Essays

At around 1 year of age, human infants display a number of new behaviors that seem to indicate a newly emerging understanding of other persons as intentional beings whose attention to outside objects may be shared, followed into, and directed in various ways. These behaviors have mostly been studied separately. In the current study, we investigated the most important of these behaviors together as they emerged in a single group of 24 infants between 9 and 15 months of age. At each of seven monthly visits, we measured joint attentional engagement, gaze and point following, imitation of two different kinds of actions on objects, imperative and declarative gestures, and comprehension and production of language. We also measured several nonsocial-cognitive skills as a point of comparison. We report two studies. The focus of the first study was the initial emergence of infants' social-cognitive skills and how these skills are related to one another developmentally. We found a reliable pattern of emergence: Infants progressed from sharing to following to directing others' attention and behavior. The nonsocial skills did not emerge predictably in this developmental sequence. Furthermore, correlational analyses showed that the ages of emergence of all pairs of the social-cognitive skills or their components were inter-related. The focus of the second study was the social interaction of infants and their mothers, especially with regard to their skills of joint attentional engagement (including mothers' use of language to follow into or direct infants' attention) and how these skills related to infants' early communicative competence. Our measures of communicative competence included not only language production, as in previous studies, but also language comprehension and gesture production. It was found that two measures--the amount of time infants spent in joint engagement with their mothers and the degree to which mothers used language that followed into their infant's focus of attention--predicted infants' earliest skills of gestural and linguistic communication. Results of the two studies are discussed in terms of their implications for theories of social-cognitive development, for theories of language development, and for theories of the process by means of which human children become fully participating members of the cultural activities and processes into which they are born.

Social Cognition, joint attention and communicative Competence from 9 to 15 months of age

Discourse in the Novel

1. Teams and the transformation of work 2. Disturbance management and masking in a television production team 3. Teamwork between adversaries: coordination, cooperation, and communication in a court trial 4. Displacement and innovation in primary care medical teams 5. Crossing boundaries in teacher teams 6. Knowledge creation in industrial work teams 7. Teams, infrastructures, and social capital 8. From iron cages to webs on the wind 9. Knotworking and agency in fluid organizational fields.

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From Teams to Knots: Activity-Theoretical Studies of Collaboration and Learning at Work

Karl Buhler (1879-1963) was one of the leading theoreticians of language of this century. His masterwork Sprachtheorie (1934) has been praised widely and gained considerable recognition in the fields of linguistics, semiotics, the philosophy of language and the psychology of language. The work has, however, resisted translation into English partly because of its spirited and vivid style, partly because of the depth and range of analysis, partly because of the great erudition of the author, who displays a thorough command of both the linguistic and the philosophical traditions. With this translation, Buhler's ideas on many problems that are still controversial and others only recently rediscovered, are now accessible to the English-speaking world.Contents: The work is divided into four parts. Part I discusses the four “axioms” or principles of language research, the most famous of which is the first, the “organon model”, the base of Buhler's instrumental view of language. Part II treats the role of indexicality in language and discusses deixis as one determinant of speech. Part III examines the symbolic field, dealing with context, onomatopoeia and the function of case. Part IV deals with the elements of language and their organization (syllabification, the definition of the word, metaphor, anaphora, etc).The text is accompanied by: Translator's preface; Introduction (by Achim Eschbach); Glossary of terms and Bibliography of cited works (both compiled by the translator); Index of names, Index of topics.

KARL BUHLER: THEORY OF LANGUAGE: The representational function of language

Infant Intentionality as Object Directedness: An Alternative to Representationalism

The relational-historical approach to the study of mother-infant interaction is discussed in the light of the theories of Henri Wallon and Mikhail Bakhtin The central question addresses the relevance of the concept of dialogue for this area of research It is argued that an important common ground for Wallon and Bakhtin is the focus on the bodily origin of social interaction The infant initiates emotional relationships through physical coregulation with persons and things Differences in the infant's behaviour toward persons and things justify a conceptualization of social coregulation as dialogue The time dimension is very important to understand the significance of accumulated earlier experiences for the emergence of a dialogical self, also, and in particular, in infants That is the essence of the relational-historical approach In order to study development over time, thus conceived, the "frame" concept is central However, in order to be useful for observing development, the continuity of frames from one observation session to another is as important as changes and transitions

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Dialogue and co-regulation: using dialogical self terminology in the relational-historical approach. a commentary on garvey & fogel's "dialogical change processes, emotions, and the early emergence of self"

It is argued that a definition of intentionality in terms of object directedness is more adequate than the traditional definition in terms of goal directedness. Inconsistencies in the use of “intentionality” among infant researchers are pointed out. A method of observation is explored, based on the definition in terms of behavioral object directedness, that takes into account precursors to fully-fledged intentional actions by approaching intentionality as a matter of degree rather than as an all or none issue. The method, when used on longitudinal video recordings of parent-infant interaction, produced results that substantiated Tre-varthen's observations of infant intentionality before the age of six months. Furthermore, the results suggest that the parent's attribution of intentions to the infant is based on the perception of the infant's intentionality, whether in social interaction or in interaction with “physical” objects.

Infant intentionality as object directedness: A method for observation*

Infancy research has been a quickly expanding field in recent decades. Since the early 1970s, an increasing body of research demonstrated that the capacities of the newborn baby were far more advanced than previously assumed. New methodologies, such as eye tracking, motor movement tracking, heart rate measurements, EEG measurements, and the like, have been used in experimental settings. Furthermore, video observations have been used to follow, for example, mother-infant interaction, both in natural settings (Trevarthen & Hubley, 1978) and experimental settings, such as in the Strange Situation developed by Ainsworth to measure infant’s attachment (Ainsworth, 1982).

Dynamic Methodology in Infancy Research

Vedeler, D. 1993. Intentionality as a Basis for the Emergence of lntersubjectivity in Infancy. Acta Univ. Ups., Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Social Sciences 37. 34 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-554-3087-2 Intersubjectivity requires two subjects who perceive each other and treat each other as subjects. To be a subject implies to act willfully and not be reduced to automatic reactions to outer events or physiological states; that is, to be a subject implies intentionality. It is a common view that infants younger than six months are not subjects in this sense, although they are treated as such by their parents. Thus, there can be no intersubjectivity between parent and infant at such an early age. However, there are descriptions of early parent-infant interaction that include references to the infant's intentionality. Rudimentary forms of intentionality have been reported in infants as young as two months of age. Accordingly, the relation between parent and infant is described in terms of intersubjectivity. In order to examine these contrasting views the definition of "intentionality" is discussed. The present thesis rejects the conception that intentionality is the same thing as goal directedness, a conception embraced by almost all infant researchers. Instead, a definition in terms of behavroral object directedness is proposed as suitable for studying the development of infant intentionality. While anchored in the philosophical concept of intentionality, this definition extends intentionality from being a property of the mind to also being a property ofbehavior. It lays the foundation for exploring a new method of observation. This method implies that intentionality is graded and not an all or none issue. The method is, thereby, sensitive to rudimentary forms of intentionality. Application of the method on video recorded parent-infant interaction shows that the parent tends to attribute more intentions to high levels of infant intentionality than to low levels, and that this occurs when the baby is as young as two to three months old. That the parent treats the baby as a subject thus seems to be based on the parent perceiving the baby's behavior as intentional. This justifies that the relationship between infant and parent can be characterized as intersubjective at two to three months of age. Dankert Vedeler, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Box 1854, S-75148 Uppsala, Sweden

Dankert Vedeler

Papers

Infant Intentionality as Object Directedness: An Alternative to Representationalism

Dialogue and co-regulation: using dialogical self terminology in the relational-historical approach. a commentary on garvey & fogel's "dialogical change processes, emotions, and the early emergence of self"

Infant intentionality as object directedness: A method for observation*

Dynamic Methodology in Infancy Research

Intentionality as a basis for the emergence of intersubjectivity in infancy