1. In paragraph 13 of decision XX/20 of the Twentieth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the parties requested the Secretariat to inform the Open-ended Working Group about all sources of income received, including the reserves, fund balance and interest, and to provide an indicative report on all expenditures against the agreed budget lines.

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

All variables influencing the efficiency of a flat-plate solar heat collector as a heat exchanger can be combined into a single “efficiency factor.” These efficiency factors are more or less design constants of the particular collector design, and are only slightly influenced by operating conditions. Consequently they are extremely convenient for use in accurate design and performance calculations. The full mathematical derivations are presented for several of these efficiency factors for various types of collectors, together with graphical data and examples of their use.

The derivations of several plate-efficiency factors' useful in the design of flat-plate solar heat collectors

Increasing renewable energy penetration and energy independence of island communities: A novel dynamic simulation approach for energy, economic, and environmental analysis, and optimization

Nowadays, air conditioning consumes, on average, around one-fifth of the total power used in buildings globally. The present paper aims to provide the present status on the employment of Earth-to-Air Heat eXchangers (EAHX) to contain the consumption of energy and to reduce the effect on the environment in response to the Montreal and Kyoto protocols in a way to achieve cleaner energy production with a low Global Warming Potential (GWP) and a low ozone depletion potential (ODP). Different peculiarities and applications (direct or hybrid) are critically analyzed and reviewed. Specifically, in this paper, the different hybrid applications presented in the literature, where the Earth-to-Air Heat eXchangers are coupled to advanced systems, are reviewed. Finally, an IoT-based EAHX control system plan is reported and discussed to optimize energy efficiency and thermal comfort to suit operating conditions under different time zones.

/pdf/a-review-on-geothermal-renewable-energy-systems-for-eco-1weynoh6.pdf

A Review on Geothermal Renewable Energy Systems for Eco-Friendly Air-Conditioning

Design optimization and heat transfer enhancement of energy storage based solar thermal collector

Using TRNSYS software, a comparison of the energy performances of flat-plate collectors (FPCs) and evacuated-tube collectors (ETCs) in domestic solar water heating systems located in different climate areas was carried out in order to ascertain solar energy utilization. Investigations were carried out on single FPCs and ETCs and also for strings of four panels connected in series. Tests were conducted using simulations for water as heat transfer fluid with a fixed fluid flow rate and varying the temperature of the collector’s returning fluid. The maximum power peak decreases with the increase in the inlet temperature of the fluid to the collector in the FPC. The maximum outlet temperature of the FPC is higher than the ETC, most of the time. The evacuated-tube collector performs better only in cold climate areas. Simulations suggest that the use of the FPC is strongly discouraged in cold climatic areas due to thermal losses, whereas the ETC works well with reduced dispersion of heat. In warm seasons, on the contrary, the FPC takes advantage of the high environmental temperature which heats the fluid. The maximum yearly outlet temperature and useful power peak predicted in different climatic areas were investigated by varying the temperature of the fluid inlet fed to the two strings of four FPCs and ETCs. In all cases, the outlet temperature is higher in the ETC technology.

https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/8/6/78/pdf

A Comparative Study on the Performances of Flat Plate and Evacuated Tube Collectors Deployable in Domestic Solar Water Heating Systems in Different Climate Areas

Darius S. Gnanaraj

Papers

A Comparative Study on the Performances of Flat Plate and Evacuated Tube Collectors Deployable in Domestic Solar Water Heating Systems in Different Climate Areas

Improving the Energy Performances of the Refrigeration Systems with Subcooling Using the Eco-Friendly Refrigerant R600a: Initial Experimental Results