Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Rates and reactions of biogeochemical processes vary in space and time to produce both hot spots and hot moments of elemental cycling. We define biogeochemical hot spots as patches that show disproportionately high reaction rates relative to the surrounding matrix, whereas hot moments are defined as short periods of time that exhibit disproportionately high reaction rates relative to longer intervening time periods. As has been appreciated by ecologists for decades, hot spot and hot moment activity is often enhanced at terrestrial-aquatic interfaces. Using examples from the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles, we show that hot spots occur where hydrological flowpaths converge with substrates or other flowpaths containing complementary or missing reactants. Hot moments occur when episodic hydrological flowpaths reactivate and/or mobilize accumulated reactants. By focusing on the delivery of specific missing reactants via hydrologic flowpaths, we can forge a better mechanistic understanding of the factors that create hot spots and hot moments. Such a mechanistic understanding is necessary so that biogeochemical hot spots can be identified at broader spatiotemporal scales and factored into quantitative models. We specifically recommend that resource managers incorporate both natural and artificially created biogeochemical hot spots into their plans for water quality management. Finally, we emphasize the needs for further research to assess the potential importance of hot spot and hot moment phenomena in the cycling of different bioactive elements, improve our ability to predict their occurrence, assess their importance in landscape biogeochemistry, and evaluate their utility as tools for resource management.

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Biogeochemical Hot Spots and Hot Moments at the Interface of Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems

Natural flood plains are among the most biologically productive and diverse ecosystems on earth. Globally, riverine flood plains cover > 2 × 106 km2, however, they are among the most threatened ecosystems. Floodplain degradation is closely linked to the rapid decline in freshwater biodiversity; the main reasons for the latter being habitat alteration, flow and flood control, species invasion and pollution. In Europe and North America, up to 90% of flood plains are already ‘cultivated’ and therefore functionally extinct. In the developing world, the remaining natural flood plains are disappearing at an accelerating rate, primarily as a result of changing hydrology. Up to the 2025 time horizon, the future increase of human population will lead to further degradation of riparian areas, intensification of the hydrological cycle, increase in the discharge of pollutants, and further proliferation of species invasions. In the near future, the most threatened flood plains will be those in south-east Asia, Sahelian Africa and North America. There is an urgent need to preserve existing, intact flood plain rivers as strategic global resources and to begin to restore hydrologic dynamics, sediment transport and riparian vegetation to those rivers that retain some level of ecological integrity. Otherwise, dramatic extinctions of aquatic and riparian species and of ecosystem services are faced within the next few decades.

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Riverine flood plains: present state and future trends

The ground beetles form the speciose beetle family Carabidae and, since their emergence in the Tertiary, have populated all habitats except deserts. Our knowledge about carabids is biased toward species living in north-temperate regions. Most carabids are predatory, consume a wide range of food types, and experience food shortages in the field. Feeding on both plant and animal material and scavenging are probably more significant than currently acknowledged. The most important mortality sources are abiotic factors and predators; pathogens and parasites can be important for some developmental stages. Although competition among larvae and adults does occur, the importance of competition as a community organization is not proven. Carabids are abundant in agricultural fields all over the world and may be important natural enemies of agricultural pests.

Ecology and behavior of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae).

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An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America

Published research about wetland insects has proliferated, and a conceptual foundation about how wetland insect populations and communities are regulated is being built. Here we review and synthesize this new body of work. Our review begins with a summary of insect communities found in diverse wetland types, including temporary pools, seasonally flooded marshes, perennially flooded marshes, forested floodplains, and peatlands. Next, we critically discuss research on the population and community ecology of wetland insects, including the importance of colonization strategies and insect interactions with the physical environment, plants, predators, and competitors. Results from many of the experimental studies that we review indicate that some commonly held beliefs about wetland insect ecology require significant reevaluation. We then discuss the importance of wetland insect ecology for some applied concerns such as efforts to manage wetland insect resources as waterfowl food and development of ecologically ...

https://biblioteca.cehum.org/bitstream/123456789/1031/1/Batzer%2c%20Wissinger.%20Ecology%20of%20Insect%20Communities%20in%20Nontidal%20Wetlands.pdf

Ecology of Insect Communities in Nontidal Wetlands

Partial table of contents: MARSHES AND SWAMPS OF THE SOUTHEAST. The Florida Everglades: Natural Variability, Invertebrate Diversity, and Foodweb Stability (R. Rader). The Kissimmee River-Riparian Marsh Ecosystem, Florida: Seasonal Differences in Invertebrate Functional Feeding Group Relationships (R. Merritt, et al.). Carolina Bays: Ecology of Aquatic Invertebrates and Perspectives on Conservation (B. Taylor, et al.). Pitcher Plant Wetlands of the Southeastern United States: Arthropod Associates (D. Folkerts). WOODLAND PONDS, PEATLANDS, AND MARSHES OF THE NORTH AND NORTHEAST. Temporary Woodland Ponds in Michigan: Invertebrate Seasonal Patterns and Trophic Relationships (M. Higgins & R. Merritt). Constructed Marshes in Southeast Pennsylvania: Invertebrate Foodweb Structure (G. Fairchild, et al.). Canadian Springs: Postglacial Development of the Invertebrate Fauna (D. Williams & N. Williams). WETLANDS OF THE CENTRAL PRAIRIES AND MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN. Wetlands of the Prairie Pothole Region: Invertebrate Species Composition, Ecology, and Management (N. Euliss, et al.). Prairie Wetlands of South-Central Minnesota: Effects of Drought on Invertebrate Communities (A. Hershey, et al.). WETLANDS OF THE WESTERN MOUNTAINS, DESERTS, AND VALLEYS. Wetlands of Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks: Aquatic Invertebrate Diversity and Community Structure (W. Duffy). Agricultural Wetland Management for Conservation Goals: Invertebrates in California Ricelands (R. O'Malley). COASTAL FREASHWATER WETLANDS. Tidal Freashwater Wetlands: Invertebrate Diversity, Ecology, and Functional Significance (D. Yozzo & R. Diaz). A Prairie Coastal Wetland (Lake Manitoba's Delta Marsh): Organization of the Invertebrate Community (B. Hann). SYNTHESIS. Ecology of Wetland Invertebrates: Synthesis and Applications for Conservation and Management (S. Wissinger). Indexes.

Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America : ecology and management

We related macroinvertebrate communities and environmental variables in 66 small seasonal woodland ponds of northern Minnesota, USA. These wetlands were relatively pristine, being embedded in 50- to 100-y-old 2nd-growth forests. Macroinvertebrate taxon richness in ponds increased as hydroperiods lengthened, tree canopies opened, water pH declined, and litter input decreased. Eighteen macroinvertebrate taxa were widespread (occurred in >5O% of ponds), and hydrology water chemistry, geomorphology vegetation, occurrence of other macroinvertebrate taxa, and presence of amphibian larvae each explained some variation in relative abundance of widespread macroinvertebrates. The first 4 axes of a canonical correspondence analysis explained 37% of total variation in relative abundance of widespread macroinvertebrate taxa. Overall, however, macroinvertebrates were remarkably unresponsive to environmental variables. Most relationships between macroinvertebrates and environmental variables were nonsignificant, and the few significant relationships observed were weak (

https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2004/nc_2004_batzer_001.pdf

Relationships between environmental characteristics and macroinvertebrate communities in seasonal woodland ponds of Minnesota

List of Contributors Preface 1. Ecology of Freshwater and Estuarine Wetlands: An Introduction What Is a Wetland? Why Are Wetlands Important? Wetland Loss and Degradation What This Book Covers 2. Wetland Geomorphology, Soils, and Formative Processes Wetland Geomorphology and Wetland Soils Specific Wetland Types: Formative Processes, Geomorphology, and Soils Conclusions 3. Wetland Hydrology Hillslope Hydrologic Processes Geomorphic Controls on Wetland Hydrology Wetland Water Budgets Hydropattern Hydraulics and Water Quality Effects of Land Use Changes on Wetland Hydrology 4. Abiotic Constraints for Wetland Plants and Animals Hydrology Salinity 5. Biogeochemistry and Bacterial Ecology of Hydrologically Dynamic Wetlands Chapter Themes A Primer on Wetland Bacteriology The Hydrology of Temporary Wetlands Biogeochemical Cycles in Temporary Wetlands Organic-matter Decay in Temporary Wetlands Nutrient Uptake and Release in Temporary Wetlands Integration and Synthesis: Biogeochemistry, Hydrology, and Sediments in Temporary Wetlands Integration and Synthesis: Biogeochemistry, Hydrology, and Aquatic Plants in Temporary Wetlands 6. Development of Wetland Plant Communities Importance of Hydrologic Conditions Plant Community Development Plant Distributions in Wetlands Primary Productivity Limiting Nutrients in Wetlands Characteristics of Selected Wetlands 7. Wetland Animal Ecology Trophic Ecology Community Ecology Focal Wetland Animals 8. Wetland Ecosystem Processes Wetlands as Ecosystems Generation and Retention of High Amounts of Organic Matter Fluxes of Organic Matter and Energy in Aquatic Ecosystems Attached Microbial Community Metabolism and Interactions Modulation of Macrophytes and Periphyton by Mortality and Losses: What Do They Mean to Higher Trophic Levels? Defensive Mechanisms and Allelochemical Communication" Within Wetlands Potential Effects of Global Changes in Climate and Related Environmental Conditions on Ecosystem Processes 9. United States Wetland Regulation and Policy Wetland Definitions Federal Jurisdiction of Wetlands Wetland Delineation Wetland Functions and Values Functional Assessment Methods Summary 10. Wetland Restoration Catastrophic Versus Chronic Degradation Enabling Restoration Efforts Restore What? Identifying Feasible Goals How Theory Can Help Restoring Functions at the Watershed Scale Site-based Tactics Surprises and Their Lessons Evaluating Progress and Outcomes Long-term Stewardship Adaptive Restoration: An Approach That Simultaneously Advances Ecology and Accomplishes Restoration 11. Flood Pulsing and the Development and Maintenance of Biodiversity in Floodplains Characterization of Flood-pulsing Systems Definition and Classification of Wetland Organisms Strategies to Survive Flooding and Drought Speciation and Extinction: The Impact of Paleoclimatic History on Species Diversity Species Exchange Between Floodplains and Permanent Water Bodies Species Exchange Between Floodplains and Terrestrial Habitats Species Exchange Between Different Floodplains Species Exchange Between Intertidal Wetlands and Other Habitats Altering the Flood Pulse: Impacts on Biodiversity Conclusions 12. Consequences for Wetlands of a Changing Global Environment Assumptions Effects on Carbon Balance Effects on Species Composition and Redistribution Effects on Wetland Types Management and Policy Options Summary Literature Cited Index

Ecology of Freshwater and Estuarine Wetlands

Invertebrates play important ecological roles in wetlands, but what factors control their dynamics are poorly established. I review available research conducted in 14 areas of North America where invertebrates have received the most attention. Studies indicate that hydrology, plant factors, anthropogenic disturbance, and predation are the most important controls on wetland invertebrates, but little consensus emerged about how these factors influence invertebrate communities. Findings were often equivocal, contradictory, or inconclusive, either within or among areas. Considerable evidence indicated that wetland invertebrates are resilient, generalist organisms, and a lack of response may reflect insensitivity to environmental variation. However, numerous studies also indicated distinct responses by some invertebrates in some wetlands, although consistent patterns were often lacking. This suggests that wetland invertebrates might be very sensitive to environmental variation, but interactions can be complex and difficult to predict. Either conclusion means that generalizations about how invertebrates in wetland respond ecologically will be difficult to generate without careful study.

Darold P. Batzer

Papers

Ecology of Insect Communities in Nontidal Wetlands

Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America : ecology and management

Relationships between environmental characteristics and macroinvertebrate communities in seasonal woodland ponds of Minnesota

Ecology of Freshwater and Estuarine Wetlands

The seemingly intractable ecological responses of invertebrates in North American wetlands: a review.