Secret History: Return of the Black Death Channel 4, 7-8pm In 1348 the Black Death swept through London, killing people within days of the appearance of their first symptoms. Exactly how many died, and why, has long been a mystery. This Secret History documentary follows experts as they pick through the evidence and reveal why the plague killed on such a scale. And they ask, what might be coming next?

Medscape

2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

In 1974 an article appeared in Science magazine with the dry-sounding title “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases” by a pair of psychologists who were not well known outside their discipline of decision theory. In it Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman introduced the world to Prospect Theory, which mapped out how humans actually behave when faced with decisions about gains and losses, in contrast to how economists assumed that people behave. Prospect Theory turned Economics on its head by demonstrating through a series of ingenious experiments that people are much more concerned with losses than they are with gains, and that framing a choice from one perspective or the other will result in decisions that are exactly the opposite of each other, even if the outcomes are monetarily the same. Prospect Theory led cognitive psychology in a new direction that began to uncover other human biases in thinking that are probably not learned but are part of our brain’s wiring.

Thinking fast and slow.

Social Network Analysis

Established in 2006, TATA Africa Services (Nigeria) Limited operates as the nodal point for Tata businesses in West Africa. TATA Africa Services (Nigeria) Limited has a strong presence in Nigeria with investments exceeding USD 10 million. The company was established in Lagos, Nigeria as a subsidiary of TATA Africa Holdings (SA) (Pty) Limited, South Africa and serves as the hub of Tata’s operations in Nigeria and the rest of West Africa.

What About Us

1. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND ETHICS 2. COLLECTION, ANALYSIS, AND MANAGEMENT OF DATA 3. COLLABORATOIN IN RESEARCH: AUTHORSHIP, RESOURCE SHARING, AND MENTORING 4. PUBLICATION AND OEER REVIEW 5. SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT 6. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 7. CONFLICT OF INTEREST AND SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVITY 8. COLLABORATION BETWEEN ACADEMIA AND PRIVATE INDUSTRY 9. THE USE OF HUMAN SUBJECTS IN RESEARCH 10. THE USE OF ANIMALS IN RESEARCH 11. GENETICS AND HUMAN REPRODUCTION 12. THE SCIENTIST IN SOCIETY APPENDICES

Responsible Conduct of Research

When most people think of ethics (or morals), they think of rules for distinguishing between right and wrong, such as the Golden Rule ("Do unto others as you would have them do unto you"), a code of professional conduct like the Hippocratic Oath ("First of all, do no harm"), a religious creed like the Ten Commandments ("Thou Shalt not kill..."), or a wise aphorisms like the sayings of Confucius. This is the most common way of defining "ethics": norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unac‐ ceptable behavior.

/pdf/what-is-ethics-in-research-and-why-is-it-important-4na8ez8svq.pdf

What Is Ethics in Research and Why Is It Important

Concerns about the potentially corrupting influence of private industry on medical research, education, and practice have been growing since the 1970s, when the U.S. Congress passed the first anti-kickback law applying to medicine. Since then, Congress has banned self-referrals in medicine, enacted laws that regulate the commercialization of publicly funded biomedical research, and held hearings on conflicts of interest in biomedicine. Government agencies have issued policies concerning disclosure of financial interests in research, professional associations have published guidelines pertaining to financial relationships with industry, and scientific journals have developed conflict of interest policies.

The Institute of Medicine (IOM)’s Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice makes an important contribution to the continuing debate about financial conflicts of interest in medicine. This report reviews empirical studies, analytic essays, regulations, and guidance documents concerning conflicts of interest in medical research and makes recommendations for researchers, educators, physicians, institutions, corporations, and government agencies. The report consists of nine chapters as well as appendices that examine particular topics in greater depth, such as the relevance of psychological research on subconscious biases to conflict of interest policies, and a comparative analysis of conflicts of interest in nonmedical professions.

To draft this report, the IOM assembled experts from various fields including medicine, public health, law, health policy, ethics, philosophy, and economics. The authors acknowledge that collaboration with industry is a double-edged sword: Collaboration can produce important benefits, but it can compromise the integrity of professional judgment and erode the public’s trust in medicine. In crafting their recommendations, the authors strike a balance between protecting medical research, education, and practice from the harmful effects of industry collaboration and avoiding unnecessary administrative burdens that could undermine the benefits of collaboration. They make judicious use of empirical evidence to support their conclusions and recommendations. When evidence was lacking, the authors developed arguments based on their own experience and judgment as well as different approaches found in the literature.

The IOM report makes 16 recommendations for reforming medicine, some of which would require radical changes. For example, the report recommends that all academic medical centers, teaching hospitals, and training sites prohibit faculty, students, residents, and fellows from accepting gifts from pharmaceutical, biotechnology, or medical device companies, except in some circumstances, and not allow drug and medical sales representatives to have access to faculty, except by invitation in specified situations. The IOM report also recommends that academic medical centers, hospitals, and training sites develop a new system of funding continuing medical education that is free from industry influence; that research institutions prohibit investigators from conducting research with human subjects if they have a significant financial interest related to a product that would be affected by the research, except when the investigator’s participation is essential for conducting the research; and that physicians in private practice refrain from accepting items of value from pharmaceutical, biotechnology, or medical device companies.

The report also contains a conceptual framework that provides a foundation for policy recommendations. This includes a definition of conflict of interest (“a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional judgment or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest”) and criteria for assessing conflict of interest policies, such as proportionality (does the policy focus on the most important conflicts and is the policy practical?), transparency (is the policy understandable to those to whom it applies?), accountability (does the policy have enforcement procedures?), and fairness (does the policy apply equally to all relevant people in similar situations?). The authors also discuss problems with interpreting and applying the notion of an apparent conflict of interest.

This comprehensive and insightful report will undoubtedly have considerable influence over research, scholarship, and policy development for years to come. It is highly recommended reading for physicians, medical researchers, and medical educators.

Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice

Ethics of Science is a comprehensive and student-friendly introduction to the study of ethics in science and scientific research. The book covers: * Science and Ethics * Ethical Theory and Applications * Science as a Profession * Standards of Ethical Conduct in Science * Objectivity in Research * Ethical Issues in the Laboratory * The Scientist in Society * Toward a More Ethical Science * Actual case studies include: Baltimore Affair * cold fusion * Milikan's oil drop experiments * human and animal cloning * Cold War experiments * Strategic Defence Initiative * the Challenger accident * Tobacco Research.

David B. Resnik

Papers

Responsible Conduct of Research

What Is Ethics in Research and Why Is It Important

Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice

The ethics of science: An introduction

Is the precautionary principle unscientific