David C. Fritts

Bio: David C. Fritts is an academic researcher from Cora. The author has contributed to research in topics: Gravity wave & Thermosphere. The author has an hindex of 66, co-authored 227 publications receiving 14924 citations. Previous affiliations of David C. Fritts include University of Colorado Boulder & National Waste & Recycling Association.

Zonal mean and tidal dynamics from space: an empirical examination of aliasing and sampling issues

Abstract: . Interpretations of space-based measurements of atmospheric parameters in the mesosphere and thermosphere are complicated by large local-time variations at these altitudes. For this reason, satellite orbits are often preferred which precess through all local times one or more times per season. However, the local-time structure of the atmosphere is inherently non-stationary, which can lead to sampling and aliasing difficulties when attempting to deconvolve the measurements into zonal mean and tidal components. In the present study, hourly radar measurements of mesopause-region winds are used to form a mock data base which can be used to gain insight into implications of the aforementioned problems; the use of actual measurements introduces a realistic element of geophysical temporal variability. Assuming zonal symmetry (i.e., migrating tides superimposed on a zonal mean circulation), the radar measurements are sampled from the satellite perspective for orbital inclinations of 57° and 70°, and compared to the ground or true perspective. These comparisons provide realistic estimates of the errors to be expected when attempting to derive mean and tidal components from space-based measurements. For both diurnal and semidiurnal components, and the quoted satellite inclinations, acceptable errors (3–4m/srms) are obtained for data covering 24h local time (i.e., ascending plus descending nodes); the corresponding errors for single-node data (12h local-time coverage) are of order 8–11m/s, and therefore may not represent reliable estimates of the actual tidal components. There exist certain caveats in connection with the latter conclusion which are discussed.

Direct numerical simulation of VHF radar measurements of turbulence in the mesosphere

Abstract: We simulate very high frequency (VHF) radar backscatter from turbulent irregularities in the mesosphere and examine the process of calculating key turbulence parameters from radar Doppler spectral moments. Mesospheric turbulence is represented by a three-dimensional (3-D) direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a turbulent layer generated by Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, which exhibits inertial range turbulence characteristics. A subgrid-scale turbulence advection model is used to parameterize the unresolved small-scale structure of mesospheric temperature, ion species, and electron mixing ratios and to derive the radar backscatter cross sections. Energy and thermal dissipation rates are calculated from the 3-D velocity and temperature derivatives of the DNS. Doppler spectral widths relevant to various mesospheric radar observations are then determined from explicit calculation of spectral moments. We then present a comparison between the turbulence parameters calculated from the DNS and those calculated from the Doppler spectral moments.

Dynamics of Orographic Gravity Waves Observed in the Mesosphere over the Auckland Islands during the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE)

Abstract: On 14 July 2014 during the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE), aircraft remote sensing instruments detected large-amplitude gravity wave oscillations within mesospheric airglow and sodium layers at altitudes z ~ 78–83 km downstream of the Auckland Islands, located ~1000 km south of Christchurch, New Zealand. A high-altitude reanalysis and a three-dimensional Fourier gravity wave model are used to investigate the dynamics of this event. At 0700 UTC when the first observations were made, surface flow across the islands’ terrain generated linear three-dimensional wave fields that propagated rapidly to z ~ 78 km, where intense breaking occurred in a narrow layer beneath a zero-wind region at z ~ 83 km. In the following hours, the altitude of weak winds descended under the influence of a large-amplitude migrating semidiurnal tide, leading to intense breaking of these wave fields in subsequent observations starting at 1000 UTC. The linear Fourier model constrained by upstream reanalysis...

Mean winds and momentum fluxes over Jicamarca, Peru, during June and August 1987

Abstract: Data from the mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere radar at Jicamarca, Peru, together with other available data, are used to diagnose the mean structure of winds and gravity-wave momentum fluxes from the surface to 90 km during two-ten-day campaigns in June and August of 1987. In the stratosphere a layer of maximum eastward flow associated with the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) was seen to strengthen and descend rapidly from June to August, overlying persistent westward flow. A layer of enhanced signal return, suggestive of a turbulent layer, was observed just above the descending QBO eastward maximum. Notable zonal asymmetries were present during this transition and the local meridional circulation departed from zonal-mean QBO theory. A substantial northeastward momentum flux was found below 25 km, which may be related to topographic gravity waves excited by southeastward flow across the Andes. In the lower mesosphere a relatively weak 'second' mesopause semiannual oscillation is confirmed. In both the lower stratosphere and mesosphere, body forces were comparable in magnitude to inferred Coriolis torques.

Spatial structure of the 12-hour wave in the Antarctic as observed by radar

Abstract: We present radar measurements of the 12-hour wave, a zonal wavenumber 1 westward propagating wave that exists in the southern polar mesopause region winds (Hernandez et al., 1993; Forbes et al., 1995). MF radar measurements of the horizontal winds at McMurdo (77.8°S, 166.67°E) show that the 12-hour wave is highly seasonal, occurring during the austral summer solstice. During these seasonal occurrences, the wave is highly intermittent with amplitude peaks of ≳30 m s−1. The burst-like occurrences of large 12-hour wave amplitudes are highly correlated between the zonal and meridional direction. The diurnal tide over McMurdo has a more constant amplitude, but it is also an almost exclusively summertime phenomenon. Inertia-gravity wave activity is evident at periods less than 12 hr during the austral winter months. The weakening of gravity wave activity during the summer is probably due to critical layer filtering by the zonal mean wind, 12-hour wave and diurnal tide which are all strong during this season. The 12-hour wave is confined in height to the vicinity of the zero crossing in the zonal winds above the westward jet. Extreme distortion is observed in the vertical phase fronts of the 12-hour wave which could signify either refraction or in situ forcing. The distortion in the phase fronts and localization of the 12-hour wave in time and height is apparently responsible for departures in period from the nominal 12 hours. We do not find the wave period to be systematically different from 12 hours. The association of the 12-hour wave events with shear in the mean wind suggests that refractive effects could conceivably cause a dilation in wave amplitude. However, the shear is of the opposite sign to cause this dilation unless the wave originates at higher altitudes and propagates downward into the mesosphere. Investigations are made of the zonal structure of the 12-hour wave by comparing phases of the 12-hour wind component between McMurdo and the dynasonde at Halley (75.8°S, 26.4°W). The phase is found to be stable and consistent with a westward propagating zonal wavenumber 2 structure during seasons when the 12-hour wave is weak. The migrating semidiurnal tide evidently dominates during these times of the year. During seasons when the 12-hour wave amplitude is large, the zonal structure is highly unstable and there is not an obvious dominant zonal wavenumber.

Linear and nonlinear waves, by G. B. Whitham. Pp.636. £50. 1999. ISBN 0 471 35942 4 (Wiley).

Abstract: to be done in this area. Face recognition is a problem that scarcely clamoured for attention before the computer age but, having surfaced, has involved a wide range of techniques and has attracted the attention of some fine minds (David Mumford was a Fields Medallist in 1974). This singular application of mathematical modelling to a messy applied problem of obvious utility and importance but with no unique solution is a pretty one to share with students: perhaps, returning to the source of our opening quotation, we may invert Duncan's earlier observation, 'There is an art to find the mind's construction in the face!'.

Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere

Abstract: [1] Atmospheric gravity waves have been a subject of intense research activity in recent years because of their myriad effects and their major contributions to atmospheric circulation, structure, and variability. Apart from occasionally strong lower-atmospheric effects, the major wave influences occur in the middle atmosphere, between ∼ 10 and 110 km altitudes because of decreasing density and increasing wave amplitudes with altitude. Theoretical, numerical, and observational studies have advanced our understanding of gravity waves on many fronts since the review by Fritts [1984a]; the present review will focus on these more recent contributions. Progress includes a better appreciation of gravity wave sources and characteristics, the evolution of the gravity wave spectrum with altitude and with variations of wind and stability, the character and implications of observed climatologies, and the wave interaction and instability processes that constrain wave amplitudes and spectral shape. Recent studies have also expanded dramatically our understanding of gravity wave influences on the large-scale circulation and the thermal and constituent structures of the middle atmosphere. These advances have led to a number of parameterizations of gravity wave effects which are enabling ever more realistic descriptions of gravity wave forcing in large-scale models. There remain, nevertheless, a number of areas in which further progress is needed in refining our understanding of and our ability to describe and predict gravity wave influences in the middle atmosphere. Our view of these unknowns and needs is also offered.

Geophysical fluid dynamics.

Abstract: The potential for sea ice-albedo feedback to give rise to nonlinear climate change in the Arctic Ocean – defined as a nonlinear relationship between polar and global temperature change or, equivalently, a time-varying polar amplification – is explored in IPCC AR4 climate models. Five models supplying SRES A1B ensembles for the 21 st century are examined and very linear relationships are found between polar and global temperatures (indicating linear Arctic Ocean climate change), and between polar temperature and albedo (the potential source of nonlinearity). Two of the climate models have Arctic Ocean simulations that become annually sea ice-free under the stronger CO 2 increase to quadrupling forcing. Both of these runs show increases in polar amplification at polar temperatures above-5 o C and one exhibits heat budget changes that are consistent with the small ice cap instability of simple energy balance models. Both models show linear warming up to a polar temperature of-5 o C, well above the disappearance of their September ice covers at about-9 o C. Below-5 o C, surface albedo decreases smoothly as reductions move, progressively, to earlier parts of the sunlit period. Atmospheric heat transport exerts a strong cooling effect during the transition to annually ice-free conditions. Specialized experiments with atmosphere and coupled models show that the main damping mechanism for sea ice region surface temperature is reduced upward heat flux through the adjacent ice-free oceans resulting in reduced atmospheric heat transport into the region.

Observing Earth's atmosphere with radio occultation measurements using the Global Positioning System

Abstract: The implementation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) network of satellites and the development of small, high-performance instrumentation to receive GPS signals have created an opportunity for active remote sounding of the Earth's atmosphere by radio occultation at comparatively low cost. A prototype demonstration of this capability has now been provided by the GPS/MET investigation. Despite using relatively immature technology, GPS/MET has been extremely successful [Ware et al., 1996; Kursinski et al., 1996], although there is still room for improvement. The aim of this paper is to develop a theoretical estimate of the spatial coverage, resolution, and accuracy that can be expected for atmospheric profiles derived from GPS occultations. We consider observational geometry, attenuation, and diffraction in defining the vertical range of the observations and their resolution. We present the first systematic, extensive error analysis of the spacecraft radio occultation technique using a combination of analytical and simulation methods to establish a baseline accuracy for retrieved profiles of refractivity, geopotential, and temperature. Typically, the vertical resolution of the observations ranges from 0.5 km in the lower troposphere to 1.4 km in the middle atmosphere. Results indicate that useful profiles of refractivity can be derived from ∼60 km altitude to the surface with the exception of regions less than 250 m in vertical extent associated with high vertical humidity gradients. Above the 250 K altitude level in the troposphere, where the effects of water are negligible, sub-Kelvin temperature accuracy is predicted up to ∼40 km depending on the phase of the solar cycle. Geopotential heights of constant pressure levels are expected to be accurate to ∼10 m or better between 10 and 20 km altitudes. Below the 250 K level, the ambiguity between water and dry atmosphere refractivity becomes significant, and temperature accuracy is degraded. Deep in the warm troposphere the contribution of water to refractivity becomes sufficiently large for the accurate retrieval of water vapor given independent temperatures from weather analyses [Kursinski et al., 1995]. The radio occultation technique possesses a unique combination of global coverage, high precision, high vertical resolution, insensitivity to atmospheric particulates, and long-term stability. We show here how these properties are well suited for several applications including numerical weather prediction and long-term monitoring of the Earth's climate.