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Showing papers by "David Cameron published in 1998"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: No mutation was found in any of the acromegaly and small FIHP families, suggesting that genetic defects other than the MEN1 gene might be involved and that additional such families need to be analyzed.
Abstract: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by neoplasia of the parathyroid glands, the endocrine pancreas, and the anterior pituitary gland. In addition, families with isolated endocrine neoplasia, notably familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (FIHP) and familial acromegaly, have also been reported. However, whether these families constitute MEN 1 variants or separate entities remains speculative as the genetic bases for these diseases are unclear. The gene for MEN 1 has recently been cloned and characterized. Using single strand conformation analysis (SSCA) and sequencing, we performed mutation analysis in: a) a total of 55 MEN 1 families from 7 countries, b) 13 isolated MEN 1 cases without family history of the disease, c) 8 acromegaly families, and d) 4 FIHP families. Mutations were identified in 27 MEN 1 families and 9 isolated cases. The 22 different mutations spread across most of the 9 translated exons and included frameshift (11), nonsense (6), splice (2), missense mutations (2), and in-frame deletions (1). Among the 19 Finnish MEN 1 probands, a 1466del12 mutation was identified in 6 families with identical 11q13 haplotypes and in 2 isolated cases indicating a common founder. One frameshift mutation caused by 359del4 (GTCT) was found in 1 isolated case and 4 kindreds of different origin and haplotypes; this mutation therefore represents a common "warm" spot in the MEN1 gene. By analyzing the DNA of the parents of an isolated case one mutation was confirmed to be de novo. No mutation was found in any of the acromegaly and small FIHP families, suggesting that genetic defects other than the MEN1 gene might be involved and that additional such families need to be analyzed.

180 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify a new Raman peak which occurs between the commonly found G and D bands of carbon nitride films and identify this new peak as being due to nitrogen-nitrogen bonding.

147 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the bending beam method and synchrotron X-ray topography (SXRT) measurements were correlated with the nitrogen content of the films as measured by XPS and RBS and with the deposition conditions, in particular substrate bias.
Abstract: Nitrogenated carbon films were deposited by two reactive sputtering processes: a conventional unbalanced magnetron process and a Penning-type opposed target system. The stress behaviour of the films coated on silicon substrates was determined by the bending beam method and by synchrotron X-ray topography (SXRT). These measurements were correlated with the nitrogen content of the films as measured by XPS and RBS and with the deposition conditions, in particular the substrate bias. It was found that for the conventionally sputtered films, both the film stress and the hardness were strong reducing functions of nitrogen content. For the Penning-type process, the hardness and coefficient of friction increased with nitrogen content, whereas the stress increased with substrate bias. Over all the films, the hardness decreased with increasing nitrogen content up to ∼20% and then increased again. The coated substrates were observed by SXRT and the method was shown to be a useful, non-destructive way of determining the effect of film stress on adhesion and defect generation in the substrate.

4 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
28 Nov 1998-BMJ
TL;DR: The most recent overview, which provides much indirect evidence, suggests that five years is better than two, but it also reports a non-significant trend for the incidence of endometrial cancer to …
Abstract: EDITOR—I agree with Rea et al that we do not know the optimum duration of adjuvant tamoxifen treatment.1 The data that they presented, however, suggest that the trials they advocated—ATLAS (adjuvant tamoxifen longer against shorter) and aTTom (adjuvant tamoxifen treatment offers more?)—may still fail to resolve this issue. The most recent overview, which provides much indirect evidence, suggests that five years is better than two, but it also reports a non-significant trend for the incidence of endometrial cancer to …

4 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties of Pd/Sn Ohmic contacts on n-GaAs have been investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy, surface profilometry measurements, I-V measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

3 citations