Introduction 1 Freedom's Just Another Word  2 The Construction of Consent 3 The Neoliberal State 4 Uneven Geographical Developments 5 Neoliberalism with 'Chinese Characteristics' 6 Neoliberalism on Trial 7 Freedom's Prospect Notes Bibliography Index

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A Brief History of Neoliberalism

1. Introduction 2. The emergence of learning activity as a historical form of human learning 3. The zone of proximal development as the basic category of expansive research 4. The instruments of expansion 5. Toward an expansive methodology 6. Epilogue.

Learning by expanding: An activity-theoretical approach to developmental research

This course will deal with the foundations of social theory, starting with the French and Scottish Enlightenments and the beginnings of a specifically sociological worldview. We will then move on to Durkheim’s organic view of society, to Marx’s dialectical materialism, finishing with Weber’s Verstehen sociology and ideal types of authority. We’ll try to understand their theories not just as historical relics, but as living sets of ideas relevant to contemporary social issues. Class attendance and participation will be strongly encouraged, as will a critical engagement with the ideas presented in the class.

The Foundations of Social Theory

"Structure" is one of the most important, elusive, and undertheorized concepts in the social sciences. Setting out from a critique and reformulation of Anthony Giddens's notion of the duality of structure and Pierre Bourdieu's notion of habitus, this article attempts to develop a theory of structure that restores human agency to social actors, builds the possibility of change into the concept of structure, and overcomes the divide between semiotic and materialist visions of structure. "Structure" is one of the most important and most elusive terms in the vocabulary of current social science. The concept is central not only in such eponymous schools as structural functionalism, structuralism, and poststructuralism, but in virtually all tendencies of social scientific thought. But if social scientists find it impossible to do without the term "structure," we also find it nearly impossible to define it adequately. Many of us have surely had the experience of being asked by a "naive" student what we mean by structure, and then finding it embarrassingly difficult to define the term without using the word "structure" or one of its variants in its own definition. Sometimes we find what seems to be an acceptable synonym-for example, "pattern"-but all such synonyms lack the original's rhetorical force. When it comes to indicating

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2781191.pdf

A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation

Signaling Theory: A Review and Assessment

Undoubtedly one of the highlights of the 1999 Conference was the plenary session in which Professors David Held and Mahdi Elmandjra came together to discuss the theme of ‘“Globalization”: Democracy and Diversity’. The Conference also witnessed the launch of Global Transformations (Polity Press, 1999), at which David Held was joined by two of his three coauthors, Professor Anthony McGrew and Dr Jonathan Perraton. Global Transformations is the product of almost a decade’s work by a research team (based at the Open University and supported by the ESRC) who have produced what James. N. Rosenau has called ‘the definitive work on globalization’. It is a study which not only synthesises an extraordinary amount of information from research on globalization in a range of social science disciplines, but also makes its own distinctive contribution to our understanding of the complex range of forces which are reshaping the world order. We are delighted to be able to reproduce here an ‘executive summary’ of Global Transformations that summarises the major findings of this 500-page survey in just six thousand words.

Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, and Culture

* List of Figures and Tables * Preface * Introduction * Part One: Classic Models * Chapter 1 - Classical Democracy: Athens * Political ideas and aims * Institutional features * The exclusivity of an ancient democracy * The critics * In sum: Model I * Chapter 2 - Republicanism: Liberty, Self-Government and the Active Citizen * The eclipse and re-emergence of homo politicus * The reforging of republicanism * Republicanism, elective government and popular sovereignty * From civic life to civic glory * In sum: Model IIa * The republic and the general will * In sum: model IIb * The public and the private * Chapter 3 - The Development of Liberal Democracy: For and Against the State * Power and Sovereignty * Citizenship and the Constitutional State * Separation of Powers * The problem of factions * Accountability and Markets * In sum: model IIIa * Liberty and the development of democracy * The dangers of despotic power and an overgrown state * Representative government * The subordination of women * Competing conceptions of the 'ends of government' * In sum: Model IIIb * Chapter 4 - Direct Democracy and the End of Politics * Class and class conflict * History as evolution and the development of captialism * Two theories of the state * The end of politics * Competing conceptions of Marxism * Part Two: Variants from the Twentieth Century * Chapter 5 - Competitive ELitism and the Technocratic Vision * Classes, power and conflict * Bureaucracy, parliaments and nation-states * Competitive elitist democracy * Liberal democracy at the crossroads * The last vestige of democracy? * Democracy, capitalism and socialism *'Classical' v. modern democracy * A technocratic vision * In sum: model V * Chapter 6 - Pluralism, Corporate Capitalism and the State * Group politics, government and power * Politics, consensus and the distribution of power * Democracy, corporate capitalism and the state * In sum: Model VI * Accumulation, legitimation and the restricted sphere of the political * The changing form of representative institutions * Chapter 7 - From Post-War Stability to Political Crisis: The Polarization of Political Ideas * A legitimate democratic order or a repressive regime? * Overloaded state or legitimation crisis? * Crisis theories: an assessment * Law, liberty and democracy * In sum: model VII * Participation, liberty and democracy * In sum: model VII * Chapter 8 - Democracy after Soviet Communism * The historical backdrop * The triumph of economic and political liberalism * The renewed necessity of Marxism and democracy from 'below'? * Chapter 9 - Deliberative Democracy and the Defence of the Public Realm * Reason and Participation * The limits of democratic theory * The aims of deliberative democracy * What is sound about public reasoning? Impartialism and it's critics * Institutions of deliberative democracy * Value pluralism and democracy * In sum: Model IX * Part Three: What Should Democracy Mean Today? * Chapter 10 - Democratic Autonomy * The appeal of democracy * The principle of autonomy * Enacting the principle * The heritage of classic and twentieth-century democratic theory * Democracy: A double-sided process * Democratic autonomy: compatibilities and incompatibilities * In sum: Model Xa * Chapter 11 - Democracy, the Nation-State and the Global System * Democratic legitimacy and borders * Regional and global flows: old and new * Sovereignty, autonomy and disjunctures * Rethinking democracy for a more global age: the cosmopolitan model * In sum: model Xb * Acknowledgements * References and Select Bibliography * Index

Models of Democracy

Part I: Introduction  1 Stories of Democracy: Old and New Part II: Analysis: The Formation and Displacement of the Modern State 2 The Emergence of Sovereignty and the Modern State 3 The Development of the Nation--State and the Entrenchment of Democracy 4 The Inter--State System 5 Democracy, the Nation--State and the Global Order I 6 Democracy, the Nation--State and the Global Order II Part III: Reconstruction: Foundations of Democracy  7 Rethinking Democracy 8 Sites of Power, Problems of Democracy 9 Democracy and the Democratic Good Part IV: Elaboration and Advocacy: Cosmopolitan Democracy  10 Political Community and the Cosmopolitan Order 11 Markets, Private Property and Cosmopolitan Democratic Law 12 Cosmopolitan Democracy and the New International Order References and Select Bibliography Index

Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance

In order to achieve autonomous operation of a vehicle in urban situations with unpredictable traffic, several realtime systems must interoperate, including environment perception, localization, planning, and control. In addition, a robust vehicle platform with appropriate sensors, computational hardware, networking, and software infrastructure is essential.

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David Held

Papers

Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, and Culture

Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, and Culture

Models of Democracy

Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance

Towards fully autonomous driving: Systems and algorithms