The emphasis of this paper is on the role of media in the socialization of adolescents. First, a typology of adolescent media uses is presented, including entertainment, identity formation, high sensation, coping, and youth culture identification. Then, these five uses are discussed in relation to adolescent socialization. The central point of this discussion is that media differ from socializing agents such as family, school, community, and the legal system in that adolescents have greater control over their media choices than they do over their socialization from these other sources. The result is a substantial degree of self-socialization, in the sense that adolescents may choose from a diverse range of media materials the ones that best suit their individual preferences and personalities. Another result is that there is often a lack of integration in the socialization of adolescents, in the sense that they may receive different socialization messages from media (and peers) than they do from the adult socializes in their immediate environment.

Adolescents' uses of media for self-socialization

This analysis reviews the research that has been done on the connection between research productivity or scholarly accomplishment of faculty members and their teaching effectiveness (as assessed by their students). On average, there is a very small positive association between the two variables. To understand this relationship better, extant research was explored for factors that might mediate either positive or inverse associations between research productivity and teaching effectiveness and those that possibly could be common causes of them. Pedagogical practices and dispositions of faculty members, as well as certain course or class characteristics (size of class, electivity of course), were examined as potential mediating factors. Potential common causes investigated were academic rank and age of faculty members, their general ability, their personality characteristics, and the amount of time or effort they spend on research activities. The association between research productivity and teaching effectiveness was explored further by considering whether its size and direction varies by career stage of faculty members, their academic discipline, and the type of college or university in which they teach.

Research productivity and scholarly accomplishment of college teachers as related to their instructional effectiveness: A review and exploration

The majority of children in the US and many other high-income nations are now cared for many hours per week by people who are neither their parents nor their school teachers. The role of such pre-school and out-of-school care is potentially two-fold: First, child care makes it feasible for both parents or the only parent in a single-parent family to be employed. Second, early intervention programs and after school programs aim to enhance child development, particularly among disadvantaged children. Corresponding to this distinction, there are two branches of literature to be summarized in this chapter. The first focuses on the market for child care and analyzes factors affecting the supply, demand and quality of care. The second focuses on child outcomes, and asks whether certain types of programs can ameliorate the effects of early disadvantage. The primary goal of this review is to bring the two literatures together in order to suggest ways that both may be enhanced. Accordingly, we provide an overview of the number of children being cared for in different sorts of arrangements; describe theory and evidence about the nature of the private child care market; and discuss theory and evidence about government intervention in the market for child care. Our summary suggests that additional research is needed in order to better characterize interactions between government programs and market-provided child care.

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Preschool, Day Care, and Afterschool Care: Who's Minding the Kids?

Issues involved in the attempts to balance roles in employing organizations and family organizations are discussed. The literature on the causal links between work and family relationships, the variables used in such studies, and the models used to describe the findings are presented. Because attempts to balance the roles in the two environments can lead to conflict and stress, organizations have responded with programs such as maternity and parental leave, child and dependent care, alternative work schedules and work stations, and employee assistance and relocation programs. These programs are reviewed with particular emphasis on their benefits and costs.

Work in the family and employing organization.

From showing in a general way that there is “room” for course context to influence class (average) ratings of instruction, this review proceeds to a search for specific course characteristics that are associated with these ratings. Extant research has centered around five such characteristics: class size, course level, the “electivity” of the course, the particular subject matter of the course, and the time of day that the course is held. Although statistically significant zero-order relationships do not appear in every piece of research located for review, such relationships are more likely to be found than not for the first four of these characteristics. The associations may not be particularly strong, but rather clear-cut patterns do emerge. Of the studies reporting an association between size of class and class ratings, most find it to be inverse, although several studies show a curvilinear (U-shaped) relationship. Teacher (and course) ratings tend to be somewhat higher for upper division courses and elective courses. Compared to other instructors, those teaching humanities, fine arts, and languages tend to receive somewhat higher ratings. The possible reasons for these relationships are many and complex. A precise understanding of the contribution of course characteristics to the ratings of teachers (and the courses themselves) is hampered by two circumstances. Studies in which relevant variables are controlled are far fewer in number than are the studies in which only the zero-order relationships between course characteristics and ratings are considered. More importantly, existing multivariate studies tend to underplay or ignore the exact place of course characteristics in a causal network of variables.

Course characteristics and college students' ratings of their teachers: What we know and what we don't

Child Care Arrangements and Children's Functioning: A Comparison of Self-Care and Adult-Care Children.

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between musical preference, commitment to popular music and behavior problems of teenagers in an optional middle school. This research tested three hypotheses. 1) Musical preference is related to race, 2) Musical preference can predict behavior problems, and, 3) Commitment to popular music, measured in hours, can predict behavior problems. Data were gathered from a survey distributed to 80 students, school records, and participant observation. Results indicated that musical preference can predict race but can not predict identification as a behavior problem. Commitment to particular types of popular music did not predict behavior problems.

Teenagers, behavioral problems, and preferences for heavy metal and rap music: A case study of a southern middle school.

(1990). Heavy metal rock music juvenile delinquency and satanic identification. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 67-76.

Heavy metal rock music juvenile delinquency and satanic identification

Problem Behavior and Psychosocial Development: A Longitudinal Study of Growth.By Richard Jessor and Shirley L. Jessor. New York: Academic Press, 1977. 281 pp. $16.00

In recent years there has been a growing interest in self-care ("latchkey") arrangements, but virtually no research has been done on time in self-care We investigated factors associated with the amount of time children spend in self-care Using a magazinedistributed questionnaire, we obtained responses from 1,194 mothers who had children under age 14 in self-care to some extent Child's age and mother's hours per week of paid employment were significantly related to greater use of self-care arrangements Mother's frequency of attendance at religious services was related to lesser use of self-care Mother's marital status showed a less clear relationship to self-care use

David J. Pratto

Papers

Child Care Arrangements and Children's Functioning: A Comparison of Self-Care and Adult-Care Children.

Teenagers, behavioral problems, and preferences for heavy metal and rap music: A case study of a southern middle school.

Heavy metal rock music juvenile delinquency and satanic identification

Problem Behavior and Psychosocial Development: A Longitudinal Study of Growth.By Richard Jessor and Shirley L. Jessor. New York: Academic Press, 1977. 281 pp. $16.00

Child's Age and Mother's Employment in Relation to Greater Use of Self-care Arrangements for Children.