David R. Smith

Bio: David R. Smith is an academic researcher from Duke University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Metamaterial & Antenna (radio). The author has an hindex of 110, co-authored 881 publications receiving 91683 citations. Previous affiliations of David R. Smith include Brunel University London & Princeton University.

The use of swept-charge devices in planetary analogue X-ray fluorescence studies

Abstract: The Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) was launched onboard the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Chandrayaan-1 lunar mission in October 2008. The instrument consisted of 24 swept-charge device (SCD) silicon X-ray detectors providing a total collecting area of ~ 24 cm2, corresponding to a 14? field of view (FWHM), with the ability to measure X-rays from 0.8?10 keV. One algorithm used to analyse the C1XS flight data was developed at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) to convert the raw X-ray flux data into elemental ratios and abundances to make geological interpretations about the lunar surface. Laboratory X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data were used to validate the RAL algorithm, with previous studies investigating how the measured XRF flux varies with target surface characteristics including grain size and roughness. Evidence for a grain-size effect was observed in the data, the XRF line intensity generally decreasing with increasing sample grain size, dependent on the relative abundance of elemental components. This paper presents a subsequent study using more homogeneous samples made from mixtures of MgO, Al2O3 and SiO2 powders, all of grain size < 44??m, across a broader range of mixture ratios and at a higher level of X-ray flux data in order to further validate the RAL algorithm. For the majority of the C1XS flight data analysed so far with the RAL algorithm, the corresponding lunar ground tracks have been generally basaltic, laboratory verification of the algorithm having been primarily conducted using basaltic lunar regolith simulant (JSC-1A) XRF data. This paper also presents results from tests on a terrestrial anorthosite sample, more relevant to the anorthositic lunar highlands, from where the remaining C1XS lunar dataset derives. The operation of the SCD, the XRF test facility, sample preparation and collected XRF spectra are discussed in this paper.

Electronically Steered Nyquist Metasurface Antenna

Abstract: Mobile devices, climate science, and autonomous vehicles all require advanced microwave antennas for imaging, radar, and wireless communications. The cost, size, and power consumption of existing technology, however, has hindered the ubiquity of electronically steered systems. Here, we propose a metasurface antenna design paradigm that enables electronic beamsteering from a passive lightweight circuit board with varactor-tuned elements. Distinct from previous metasurfaces (which require dense element spacing), the proposed design uses Nyquist spatial sampling of half a wavelength. We detail the design of this Nyquist metasurface antenna and experimentally validate its ability to electronically steer in two directions. Nyquist metasurface antennas can realize high performance without costly and power hungry phase shifters, making them a compelling technology for future antenna hardware.

Phase Retrieval in Frequency-Diverse Imaging

Abstract: We demonstrate a phaseless computational frequency-diverse imaging system at K-band frequencies. The integration of the phase retrieval concept with computational frequency-diverse imaging is achieved by leveraging a gradient-descent based Wirtinger Flow algorithm. Using the developed phaseless imaging system, imaging of complex-shaped targets, such as the letters of the word “DUKE”, is shown, and it is observed that the phaseless reconstructed images are on par with the complex-based reconstructions.

Broadband and Low-Loss Non-Resonant Metamaterials

Abstract: Loss and bandwidth have been major problems that limit the potential applications on metamaterials for a long time. To bring the ultimate opportunity to metamaterials, we analyze and discuss, in this chapter, another type of metamaterials that perform at low loss and broad bandwidth. Although the range of structures is limited to those having only electric response, with an electric permittivity always equal to or greater than unity, there are still numerous metamaterial design possibilities enabled by leveraging the non-resonant elements. For example, a gradient, impedance matching layer can be added that drastically reduces the return loss of the optical elements, making them essentially reflectionless and lossless. In microwave experiments, we demonstrate the broadband design concepts with a gradient-index lens and a beam-steering element, both of which are confirmed to operate over the entire X-band (roughly 8–12 GHz) frequency spectrum.

Dynamic Metasurfaces for Massive MIMO Networks

Abstract: Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications are the focus of considerable interest in recent years. While theoretical gains of such massive MIMO have been established, implementing MIMO systems with large-scale antenna arrays in practice is challenging. Among the practical difficulties associated with massive MIMO implementations are increased cost, power consumption, and physical size. In this work we study the implementation of massive MIMO antenna arrays using dynamic metasurface antennas (DMAs), an emerging technology which inherently handles the aforementioned challenges. DMAs realize planar large-scale arrays of tunable antenna elements, and can adaptively incorporate compression and analog combining in the physical antenna structure, thus reducing cost and power consumption. We first propose a mathematical model for massive MIMO systems with DMAs and discuss their constraints compared to ideal antenna arrays. Then, we characterize the fundamental limits of the resulting systems, and propose an algorithm for designing practical DMAs to approach these limits. Our numerical results indicate that the performance of practical DMA-based massive MIMO systems is comparable with ideal antenna arrays.

I and i

Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality. Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.

Abstract: Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346

Surface plasmon subwavelength optics

Abstract: Surface plasmons are waves that propagate along the surface of a conductor. By altering the structure of a metal's surface, the properties of surface plasmons--in particular their interaction with light--can be tailored, which offers the potential for developing new types of photonic device. This could lead to miniaturized photonic circuits with length scales that are much smaller than those currently achieved. Surface plasmons are being explored for their potential in subwavelength optics, data storage, light generation, microscopy and bio-photonics.

Phd by thesis

Abstract: Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These