There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346

Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.

Surface plasmons are waves that propagate along the surface of a conductor. By altering the structure of a metal's surface, the properties of surface plasmons--in particular their interaction with light--can be tailored, which offers the potential for developing new types of photonic device. This could lead to miniaturized photonic circuits with length scales that are much smaller than those currently achieved. Surface plasmons are being explored for their potential in subwavelength optics, data storage, light generation, microscopy and bio-photonics.

/pdf/surface-plasmon-subwavelength-optics-5e55p12p4o.pdf

Surface plasmon subwavelength optics

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

A novel combination of a two-port slant +/- 45 degrees dual-polarised microstrip patch antenna with a polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) solar cell operating as an RF stacked parasitic patch element is presented and discussed for 5.8 GHz band polarisation diverse multifunctional WiMAX systems. To minimise the effect of the solar operation on the RF antenna performance, an effective DC/RF isolation circuit consisting of quarter-wavelength microstrip transmission lines is demonstrated. The proposed solar patch provides identical E-plane and H-plane far-field radiation patterns for +45 degrees and -45 degrees polarisations with a gain of 7.8 dBi and operates at the frequency band of 5.66-5.91 GHz.

Solar cell stacked dual-polarised patch antenna for 5.8 GHz band WiMAX network

Two electron-multiplication, charge-coupled devices (e2v CCD97) were operated continuously for 52 days to assess their avalanche gain stability. This work was part of an evaluation study into their suitability for the radial velocity spectrometer (RVS) instrument on the European Space Agency's Gaia cornerstone mission. After one day the device gain was stable to within 10%, and at the end of the test both devices reached the required multiplication gain of 8 with an avalanche electrode voltage of less than 36 V.

Life testing of EMCCD gain characteristics

When imaging through layered media such as walls, the contents and thickness of the wall layers are generally not known a priori. Furthermore, compensating for their effects can be computationally intensive, as this generally requires modelling the transmission and reflection of complex fields through layered media. We propose a blind deconvolution method that does not require knowledge of the wall layers by directly estimating a circularly symmetric Green’s function that models the transmission through the wall layers, simultaneously addressing both problems. We experimentally demonstrate this technique by measuring the reflection through a multilayered structure of building materials at the K-band microwave frequencies, and using the blind deconvolution method to find the image of a reflective object behind the layers.

Sparse blind deconvolution for imaging through layered media

We compute the reflectance properties of a metasurface that consists of a doubly periodic array of patch nanoantennas strongly coupled to a metallic film. Each plasmonic patch antenna can be accurately modeled as a polarizable, radiating, magnetic dipole. By accounting for interactions amongst the dipoles, an equivalent surface polarizability can be obtained, from which the effective surface impedance, reflectivity, and other homogenized quantities of interest can be obtained. When the metasurface is extremely close to the metal film, the interaction between constituent dipoles is dominated by surface plasmon mediation. We calculate analytically the dipole interaction constant by explicitly evaluating the infinite sum of fields from all the dipoles in the lattice. While a single film-coupled nanoparticle exhibits anomalous loss due to coupling to surface plasmons, we find that for the lattice of dipoles, the radiation reaction force due to the coupling to the surface plasmon modes is exactly canceled by the interaction constant; the lattice thereby conserves energy in the limit of zero Ohmic loss. When Ohmic losses are present, absorption to surface plasmons reemerges and can be compared with the losses to radiation and Ohmic absorption in the metasurface.

/pdf/effective-medium-description-of-a-metasurface-composed-of-a-14y5ck8zqa.pdf

Effective-medium description of a metasurface composed of a periodic array of nanoantennas coupled to a metallic film

Surface scattering antennas on curved manifolds provide adjustable radiation fields by adjustably coupling scattering elements along a wave-propagating structure.

David R. Smith

Papers

Solar cell stacked dual-polarised patch antenna for 5.8 GHz band WiMAX network

Life testing of EMCCD gain characteristics

Sparse blind deconvolution for imaging through layered media

Effective-medium description of a metasurface composed of a periodic array of nanoantennas coupled to a metallic film

Curved surface scattering antennas