David Tod

Bio: David Tod is an academic researcher from Liverpool John Moores University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Sport psychology & Athletes. The author has an hindex of 31, co-authored 123 publications receiving 2670 citations. Previous affiliations of David Tod include Qatar Airways & Victoria University, Australia.

Athletes' career transition out of sport: a systematic review

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to provide a systematic review of studies on athletes' career transition out of sport from 1968 until the end of 2010. A total of 126 studies were evaluated and reported in three sections: sample characteristics, research designs and correlates of athletes' career transition adjustment. Samples ranged from 1 to 1617. Investigators examined a wide range of competitive levels, both genders and various sports. Researchers have used qualitative (44%), quantitative (44%), and mixed-model (12%) designs. Variables correlated to athletes' career transition adjustment were categorized into factors related to career transition (e.g., self-identity) and available resources during the career transition process (e.g., social support). The discussion focuses on the current status of the study area, limitations in its knowledge, suggested practical implications (e.g., providing proactive support) and future research directions (e.g., examining athletes' retirement decision-making process).

Effects of self-talk: A systematic review.

Abstract: This article presents a systematic review of the literature examining the relationship between self-talk and performance. “Second-generation questions” regarding potential mediators and moderators of the self-talk–performance relationship were also examined. A total of 47 studies were analyzed. Results indicated beneficial effects of positive, instructional, and motivational self-talk for performance. Somewhat surprisingly, two evidence-based challenges to popular current viewpoints on self-talk emerged. First, negative self-talk did not impede performance. Second, there was inconsistent evidence for the differential effects of instructional and motivational self-talk based on task characteristics. Results from the mediationbased analysis indicate that cognitive and behavioral factors had the most consistent relationships with self-talk. The findings are discussed in the context of recent theoretical advances, and the article includes recommendations for future research (e.g., the use of designs allowing the testing of meditational hypotheses) and for current applied practice (e.g., avoiding the use of thought-stopping techniques).

Monitoring different types of resistance training using session rating of perceived exertion.

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) to measure effort during different types of resistance training. Method: Fifteen male subjects (age 26.7 ± 4.3 years) performed 3 protocols. All protocols consisted of same 5 exercises but with different intensities, rest periods, and numbers of repetitions. One-repetition maximum (1-RM) was defined as the maximal amount of weight that an individual could lift 1 time without support. The strength protocol included 3 sets of 5 repetitions at 90% of 1-RM with 3 minutes rest between. The hypertrophy session included 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% with 1 minute of rest, and the power session included 3 sets of 5 repetitions at 50% with 3 minutes of rest. Session RPE is a modification of the standard RPE scale. Session and standard RPE were measured after the completion of each set and 30 minutes postexercise, respectively. Results: Results showed a difference between both the 2 RPE values of the strength and hypertrophy prot...

Introducing Systematic Reviews

Abstract: Knowledge in sport, exercise, and physical activity has expanded and fragmented greatly in recent years. Although designed to synthesis research, many literature reviews have traditionally been written, metaphorically, under the cover of darkness. It is unclear the degree to which these products contain precise unbiased knowledge. The systematic review approach attempts to shine a rigorous torch on the synthesis process so readers gain answers to specific questions and learn about the quality of the evidence. The current chapter introduces the systematic review process in the context of sport, exercise, and physical activity research, laying a basis for subsequent chapters to help readers learn how to conduct these projects.

A framework for the study and application of self-talk within sport.

Abstract: Hardy, J. Oliver, E., & Tod, D. (2009). A framework for the study and application of self-talk in sport. S. D. Mellalieu & S. Hanton (Eds.), Advances in applied sport psychology: A review (pp. 37-74). London: Routledge.

Using Multivariate Statistics

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Childhood and Society.

Abstract: Erik Eriksen is a remarkable individual. He has no college degrees yet is Professor of Human Development at Harvard University. He came to psychology via art, which explains why the reader will find him painting contexts and backgrounds rather than stating dull facts and concepts. He has been a training psychoanalyst for many years as well as a perceptive observer of cultural and social settings and their effect on growing up. This is not just a book on childhood. It is a panorama of our society. Anxiety in young children, apathy in American Indians, confusion in veterans of war, and arrogance in young Nazis are scrutinized under the psychoanalytic magnifying glass. The material is well written and devoid of technical jargon. The theme of the volume is that it is human to have a long childhood which will leave a lifelong residue of emotional immaturity in man. Primitive groups and

What is Narrative Analysis

Abstract: Recording of presentation introducing narrative analysis, outlining what it is, why it can be a useful approach, how to do it and where to find out more. Presentation given at methods@manchester seminar at University of Manchester on 4 March 2010.