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Showing papers by "David W. Johnson published in 1976"



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Preliminary attempts to evaluate hyperlipidemia as a possible cause of hearing loss did not reveal any hearing deficit or gain as related to triglyceride or cholesterol levels, and the data suggested other possible causes of observed auditory loss.
Abstract: In order to evaluate the degree and type of hearing loss in patients with chronic renal failure, 61 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis were examined. Hearing threshold levels, adjusted for age and sex, demonstrated a significant high frequency deficit, which in some patients was noted early in the course of hemodialysis. Fluctuations in hearing were noted over single dialysis events but were transient and apparently independent of corresponding changes in Na, K, Ca, BUN, creatinine, glucose, mean blood pressure, and weight. Preliminary attempts to evaluate hyperlipidemia as a possible cause of hearing loss did not reveal any hearing deficit or gain as related to triglyceride or cholesterol levels. The data suggested other possible causes of observed auditory loss.

66 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that while cooperation among students is more facilitative of education, competition is more frequently emphasized and that most students perceive school as being competitive, that students become more and more competitive the longer they are in school, and that American children are more competitive than are children from other countries.
Abstract: Responses to the Minnesota School Affect Assessment made by over 2,400 students in grades 2 to 12 of a mid western school district were submitted to correlational analyses of relationships between scales measuring attitudes toward cooperation and competition and scales measuring attitudes toward school personnel, motivation to learn, involvement in learning, self-worth as student, other students, and restraints on student behavior Attitudes toward cooperation and competition were virtually independent across grades 2 to 12 Cooperativeness was consistently related to a broad range of positive attitudes toward schooling experience at all grade levels Competitiveness changed its pattern of correlates, showing relationships to several positive attitudes only in high school A considerable amount of research demonstrates that a cooperatively structured learning situation, compared to a competitive one, promotes positive relationships between students and school personnel, positive relationships among students, motivation to do well as students, willingness to get involved in learning activities, positive self-attitudes, and a variety of other affective and cognitive learning outcomes including higher achievement (Johnson & Johnson, 1974a, 1974b, 1975) In addition there is evidence that most students perceive school as being competitive, that students become more and more competitive the longer they are in school, and that American children are more competitive than are children from other countries (Johnson & Johnson, 1974a, 1974b, 1975) The clear implication of this research is that while cooperation among students is more facilitative of education, competition is more frequently emphasized The several hundred studies that have been conducted on cooperation and competition are almost all small, carefully controlled experimental studies in laboratory

60 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that hearing test reliability in dialyzing renal patients is resonably good, but test results are likely to be more consistent if testing is accomplished a number of hour after a given dialysis event.

19 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined the effects of verbal and nonverbal messages indicating cooperativeness or competitiveness on negotiation outcomes, and found that verbal messages had much more impact than did non-verbal messages.
Abstract: Within the communication literature there is an assumption that the congruency of verbal and nonverbal messages is important for accurate and persuasive communication and that nonverbal messages are more powerful than verbal messages in communication. Research by conflict theorists and educational psychologists indicate just the opposite. This study examined the effects of verbal and nonverbal messages indicating cooperativeness or competitiveness on negotiation outcomes. In two of the conditions the verbal and nonverbal messages were congruent, in the other two conditions they were contradictory. The results indicate that congruency of verbal and nonverbal messages was not an important factor in determining negotiation outcomes, although it did affect accuracy of communication. Verbal messages had much more impact than did nonverbal messages. The communication of cooperative intentions promoted a decision by the receiver to engage in cooperative behaviors and to arrive at cooperative negotiation outcomes.

18 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The majority of responses to a specially constructed questionnaire showed the majority of children in Grade 6 of a traditional school, 40 in an open school and 34 high school students in a tradit...
Abstract: Percentages of responses to a specially constructed questionnaire showed the majority of 36 children in Grade 6 of a traditional school, 40 in an open school and 34 high school students in a tradit...

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate that selective absorption of radiation can cause physical separations of molecules within a diffusion-limited geometry, using a cw CO2 laser to separate SF6 molecules from helium molecules.
Abstract: Radiation from a cw CO2 laser is used to separate SF6 molecules from helium molecules in a bulk mixture of each, by resonant radiation pressure. These experimental results demonstrate that selective absorption of radiation can cause physical separations of molecules within a diffusion‐limited geometry.

2 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The evaluation of a person seeking or volunteering information in cooperatively or competitively oriented problem solving groups was investigated in 63 white and black, male and female, high school and college students and confirmed the hypothesis that under cooperative conditions the seeking of information would be evaluated more positively than would the volunteering of information.
Abstract: Summary The evaluation of a person seeking or volunteering information in cooperatively or competitively oriented problem solving groups was investigated in 63 white and black, male and female, high school and college students. It was hypothesized that under cooperative conditions the seeking of information would be evaluated more positively than would the volunteering of information, while under competitive conditions the volunteering of information would be evaluated more positively than would the seeking of information. A highly trained confederate (C) engaged in either the seeking of information or the volunteering of information in four-person problem solving groups in which Ss were either cooperatively or competitively oriented. Ss rated Cs on eight bipolar scales. The results confirmed the hypothesis.