Showing papers by "David W. Johnson published in 1996"
TL;DR: This article found that conflicts among students do occur frequently in schools (although the conflicts rarely result in serious injury), untrained students by and large use conflict strategies that create destructive outcomes by ignoring the importance of their ongoing relationships, and conflict resolution and peer mediation programs do seem to be effective in teaching students integrative negotiation and mediation procedures.
Abstract: Concern about violence in schools has been increasing, and, correspondingly, conflict resolution and peer mediation training programs have been proliferating. These programs have been developed by researchers in the field of conflict resolution, advocates of nonviolence, anti-nuclear-war activists, and members of the legal profession. It is unknown, however, whether the programs are needed and whether or not they are effective. While there are numerous methodological and conceptual problems with the research on conflict resolution and peer mediation programs, the current evidence indicates that (a) conflicts among students do occur frequently in schools (although the conflicts rarely result in serious injury); (b) untrained students by and large use conflict strategies that create destructive outcomes by ignoring the importance of their ongoing relationships; (c) conflict resolution and peer mediation programs do seem to be effective in teaching students integrative negotiation and mediation procedures; (...
384 citations
TL;DR: Mc McGuire et al. as discussed by the authors showed that the amount of lithium on the limiter and the effectiveness of its action can be maximized through injecting four Li pellets into Ohmic plasmas of increasing major and minor radius.
Abstract: Wall conditioning in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) [K. M. McGuire et al., Phys. Plasmas 2, 2176 (1995)] by injection of lithium pellets into the plasma has resulted in large improvements in deuterium–tritium fusion power production (up to 10.7 MW), the Lawson triple product (up to 1021 m−3 s keV), and energy confinement time (up to 330 ms). The maximum plasma current for access to high‐performance supershots has been increased from 1.9 to 2.7 MA, leading to stable operation at plasma stored energy values greater than 5 MJ. The amount of lithium on the limiter and the effectiveness of its action are maximized through (1) distributing the Li over the limiter surface by injection of four Li pellets into Ohmic plasmas of increasing major and minor radius, and (2) injection of four Li pellets into the Ohmic phase of supershot discharges before neutral‐beam heating is begun.
168 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Results suggest that the combined effects of the HSV-2 vhs and ICP47 gene products are to block Ag presentation by class I MHC, but this effect can be transiently counteracted by IFN-gamma providing an early role for CD8+ CTL in the cellular immune response to HSv-2.
Abstract: Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific CD8+ CTL cloned from individuals infected with HSV-2 efficiently lyse HSV-infected EBV-transformed B lymphoblastoid cells; however, these same CTL fail to lyse infected dermal fibroblasts. By 3 h after infection (early), class I MHC expression is reduced to less than 20% of that in uninfected fibroblasts, and expression is further reduced to less than 1% of the level in uninfected cells between 6 and 18 h after infection (late). We used an HSV-2 mutant that lacked the virion host shutoff (vhs) function to demonstrate that vhs plays a role in the loss of class I expression. While fibroblasts infected with this mutant are lysed by CTL that recognize virion proteins presented early as a consequence of introduction into the cytoplasm by the infecting virus, they are resistant to lysis by CTL that recognize viral proteins that must be synthesized de novo to be presented as class I Ags. Fibroblasts infected with a mutant that lacks the transporter-associated protein inhibitor ICP47 and is partially vhs defective are sensitive to CTL lysis. Pretreatment of fibroblasts with IFN-gamma prior to HSV infection sustained the level of class I expression for longer periods after infection, and these fibroblasts, infected with wild-type HSV-2, were partially sensitive to lysis by HSV-specific CTL. Taken together, these results suggest that the combined effects of the HSV-2 vhs and ICP47 gene products are to block Ag presentation by class I MHC. However, this effect can be transiently counteracted by IFN-gamma providing an early role for CD8+ CTL in the cellular immune response to HSV-2.
157 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of two types of positive interdependence (goal and resource) and attentional temptation on individual performance were compared for teamwork and taskwork situations for 5th graders.
Abstract: The effects of two types of positive interdependence (goal and resource) and attentional temptation on individual performance were compared for teamwork and taskwork situations. Fifty-eight U.S. 5th graders were randomly assigned to one of the following conditions—positive goal interdependence, positive resource interdependence, positive goal interdependence/positive resource interdependence, and no goal interdependence/no resource interdependence (individual)—stratified for gender, ability, and minority status. The students received 45 min of social studies instruction daily, for 24 days. Although the students in conditions without goal interdependence initially performed better than the students in conditions with goal interdependence, these results were reversed after a 5-week period. The dual responsibilities of taskwork and teamwork seemed to conflict with each other at first, but after the participants became more skilled at teamwork, the combination of taskwork and teamwork resulted in bet...
72 citations
TL;DR: The effects of cooperative learning on 417 regular-education students, acceptance of 41 of their special-education classmates were examined in an 8-month study, and students' peer ratings were generally very stable.
Abstract: The effects of cooperative learning on 417 regular-education students' acceptance of 41 of their special-education classmates were examined in an 8-month study. The participants were in Grades 5–8 in 21 classes in 2 U.S. schools. The 3 conditions were cooperative learning and competitive learning, taught by the same teachers, and competitive learning, taught by a random sample of teachers. In October and in May, the regular-education students rated each classmate's desirability as a work partner. The students' peer ratings were generally very stable, for both their regular-education classmates and their special-education classmates. Positive changes in peer ratings for both types of classmates occurred more frequently in the cooperative-learning condition than in the competitive-learning conditions.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effectiveness of a conflict resolution program was examined in a rural K-8 public school in Ontario, Canada. Participants were 111 students in two seventh and two eighth-grade classes.
Abstract: The effectiveness of a conflict resolution program was examined in a rural K–8 public school in Ontario, Canada. Participants were 111 students in two seventh- and two eighth-grade classes. The two independent variables were (a) the presence versus the absence of the integration of conflict resolution training into an academic English literature unit and (b) cooperative versus individualistic learning. Three issues were investigated. The first issue was whether the conflict resolution training was effective. The second issue was the impact of context on the effectiveness of the training program. The third issue was the impact of the training program on academic achievement.
62 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the use of designed reactants, consisting of ultrathin elemental layers sequentially deposited in ultrahigh vacuum, to control reaction pathways and the structure of compounds formed.
Abstract: This review focuses on the use of designed reactants, consisting of ultrathin elemental layers sequentially deposited in ultrahigh vacuum, to control reaction pathways and the structure of compounds formed Two reaction pathways are discussed The first uses controlled nucleation of an amorphous intermediate to kinetically access compounds under conditions where they may be thermodynamically unstable The second approach takes advantage of the controlled diffusion lengths in elementally modulated reactants and slow diffusion rates at low temperatures to prepare superlattice and heterostructure compounds with controlled composition and structure
49 citations
TL;DR: The effectiveness of an inner-city peer mediation program was examined in this paper, where 57 3rd and 4th grade students in a prekindergarten to 4th-grade elementary school were trained as conflict managers to mediate schoolmates' conflicts.
Abstract: The effectiveness of an inner-city peer mediation program was examined. Forty-seven 3rd- and 4th-grade students in a prekindergarten to 4th-grade elementary school were trained as conflict managers to mediate schoolmates' conflicts. The training consisted of 1 1/2 days of training in communication, assertiveness, and mediation skills. The students mediated 323 conflicts during the academic year. Eighty-seven percent of the conflicts brought to mediation concerned relationship problems involving physical attacks (43%) and verbal attacks (42%). The strategies students most commonly used were physical force (40%) and verbal force (51%). Mediation most commonly resulted in an agreement to avoid each other in the future (84%). There were no significant differences among male-male, female-female, and male-female conflicts, although male-female conflicts were relatively nonexistent in these young children.
46 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that the superficial fascia, which separates the superficial and deep layers of subcutaneous fat, forms a continuous circumferential fascial plane around the external oblique muscle.
Abstract: The anatomy of the abdominal subcutaneous tissues is discussed in the light of data obtained in 20 female patients examined on a modern computed tomographic system. We have shown that the superficial fascia, which separates the superficial and deep layers of subcutaneous fat, forms a continuous circumferential fascial plane. This superficial fascia, contrary to previous reports, does not appear to merge with the deep fascial plane around the external oblique muscle. The fat in the deep subcutaneous layer, bounded by the superficial fascia, is the target for liposuction techniques. The CT data have shown that about 50 percent of subcutaneous fat resides within this deep layer.
40 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: This article used conflict to create student involvement in learning, intellectual curiosity, intrinsic motivation to learn, higher achievement and higher level reasoning, using conflict is the heart of all drama, a major tool for capturing interest and attention.
Abstract: This book is about using conflict to create student involvement in learning, intellectual curiosity, intrinsic motivation to learn, higher achievement and higher level reasoning Conflict is the heart of all drama, a major tool for capturing interest and attention If students are to learn and master the procedures and skills required for managing intellectual conflicts constructively, they must do so in the classroom
TL;DR: It is concluded that the prevalence of osteopenia is not increased in CAPD patients, and total body and regional BMDs were poorly related to age, renal disease type, dialysis duration, renal failure duration, serum aluminum, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and parathyroid hormone.
Abstract: ObjectiveThe aims of this study were to assess the clinical utility of total and regional bone densitometry in a large continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) population and to determine t...
Book•
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: Shakespeare and South Africa as mentioned in this paper is a study of the teaching and criticism of Shakespeare in South Africa from the early nineteenth century to the present day, covering a number of key historical moments in the interpretation of Shakespeare.
Abstract: Shakespeare and South Africa is a lively and topical study of the teaching and criticism of Shakespeare in South Africa from the early nineteenth century to the present day, covering a number of key historical moments in the interpretation of Shakespeare. David Johnson's work makes a valuable contribution to the well-established debate focused on the `neo-colonial' use of `English Literature' and to the more recent interest in the conditions of cultural assimilation. Johnson's wide range of source materials - including Cape Department of Eduacation examination papers and exam reports, as well as newspaper articles and essays - provides detailed and original research into the formualtion of a literary education policy in South Africa. The perceptive insights into changes in thinking about pedagogic and cultural issues in the South African colonial 'periphery' and into the values associated with those changes makes for fascinating reading, and a significant resource for South African cultural studies.
TL;DR: While violence prevention programs can be helpful in solving the prob lems facing society and schools, they are an incomplete intervention to prevent destructive conflicts from occurring Conflict as mentioned in this paper, and they are not an effective intervention to resolve conflicts.
Abstract: While violence prevention programs can be helpful in solving the prob lems facing society and schools, they are an incomplete intervention to prevent destructive conflicts from occurring Conflict
TL;DR: The authors examined the impact of conflict-resolution training on students' use of distributive and integrative negotiating procedures in a midwestern, suburban middle school, 176 students (grades 6 through 9) participated in the study.
Abstract: This study examined the impact of conflict-resolution training on students' use of distributive and integrative negotiating procedures. In a midwestern, suburban middle school, 176 students (grades 6 through 9) participated in the study. Students were placed in a negotiation situation involving the buying and selling of commodities in which they could adopt a distributive (maximize own outcomes) or an integrative (maximize joint outcomes) negotiation approach. There were no significant differences between males and females or among students in the 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th grades. The results of this study indicated that conflict-resolution and peer-mediation training resulted in the middle school students increasing their use of integrative negotiations and the positiveness of students' attitudes toward conflict.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the crystallization of InSe from bulk amorphous indium−selenium alloys as a function of composition and found a minimum in the nucleation energy for the one-to-one composition.
Abstract: The crystallization of InSe from bulk amorphous indium−selenium alloys was studied as a function of composition. The composition dependence of the nucleation energy of InSe from amorphous alloys was determined using a Kissinger analysis of differential scanning calorimetry data. A minimum in the nucleation energy was found for the one-to-one composition. This minimum reflects the maximum driving force per unit volume found for this composition as well as the lack of short-range composition fluctuations required to nucleate stoichiometric InSe from nonstoichiometric amorphous alloys.
TL;DR: Recent corticosteroid therapy in otherwise immunocompetent children does not appear to be associated with a statistically increased risk of complicated varicella, and a conservative estimate of risk is markedly lower than previously published risk estimates.
Abstract: Objective: To determine whether recent corticosteroid use was associated with an increased risk of complicated varicella-zoster virus infection in otherwise immunocompetent children. Study Design: A case-control study design was used because the outcome of interest, complicated varicellazoster virus infection, is rare. Setting: Cases and controls were selected from the population of children aged 2 months to 18 years admitted to two hospitals, between January 1979 and July 1994 in one and between January 1974 and July 1994 in the other, with diagnosis codes that indicated chickenpox. Population: Cases were defined as children with invasive varicella-zoster virus infection or associated invasive bacterial infection. Controls were defined as children with uncomplicated varicella admitted for elective surgery, fracture or burn management, psychiatric or social evaluation, treatment of simple dehydration, or evaluation of fever or rash not yet diagnosed. Exclusions included varicella-zoster virus infection in neonates and immunocompromised children. Methods: A priori criteria were formulated on the basis of a comprehensive literature review to define complicated varicella-zoster virus infection. Recent corticosteroid exposure was defined as corticosteroid use of any sort within 30 days of onset of the chickenpox rash. Data were abstracted by medical chart review. Results: In total, 167 cases and 134 controls were identified. Only three children (two cases and one control) had a history of recent corticosteroid therapy. Recent corticosteroid exposure was therefore not statistically associated with an increased risk of complicated varicella-zoster virus infection (odds ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.2 to 16.9). No differences between cases and controls were found in sex, history of asthma, or length of hospital stay. The mean age of cases was greater than that of controls (6.0 vs 4.7 years; P Conclusions: Recent corticosteroid therapy in otherwise immunocompetent children does not appear to be associated with a statistically increased risk of complicated varicella. A conservative estimate of risk, using the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval, is markedly lower than previously published risk estimates. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:409-414)
TL;DR: The effectiveness of a conflict resolution and peer mediation program in a suburban Canadian secondary school was examined in this article, where forty-two nine-grade English students were heterogeneous in academic achievement.
Abstract: The effectiveness of a conflict resolution and peer mediation program in a suburban Canadian secondary school was examined. Subjects were forty-two ninth-grade English students heterogeneous in academic achievement. A pretest-posttest control-group experimental design was employed. Students randomly assigned to the experimental condition spent ten hours studying a literature unit into which conflict resolution training had been integrated. Students randomly assigned to the control condition studied the identical literature unit for ten hours without conflict resolution and peer mediation training. Significant differences between treatment groups occurred in academic achievement and retention of academic learning, knowledge and retention of the conflict resolution procedure, application of the procedure in a conflict situation, and attitudes toward conflict.
TL;DR: Cooperation provides the power to make American democracy work as mentioned in this paper, and cooperative (not competitive or individualistic) efforts make self-evi dent the truths that all humans are created equal and are endo...
Abstract: Cooperation provides the power to make American democracy work. Cooperative (not competitive or individualistic) efforts make self-evi dent the truths that all humans are created equal and are endo...
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that confusion about the applicability of particular poverty lines to the measurement of poverty lies at the root of residual disagreement concerning poverty lines and that this confusion is the main reason for the lack of consensus on the specific character of the Henderson poverty lines.
Abstract: Modem interest in poverty can be traced to the concern of social observers such as Booth and Rowntree in Britain in the last part of the last century. From those times social policy analysts found it useful to focus debate through reference to minimum desirable levels of income or poverty lines. People whose income failed to attain the poverty line appropriate to their family size and structure were said to be in poverty. Professor Henderson advocated just such a set of poverty lines in the Commission of Inquiry into Poverty in 1975 and since then these poverty lines have been widely used in Australia. Limitations of both the general idea of poverty lines and the specific character of the Henderson poverty lines have been much discussed in the academic literature in Australia. Much of this criticism has been well meaning and well made and there have been several good recent reviews of the issues.' While conceptual and methodological issues relating to poverty lines have been well discussed the precise applicability of particular poverty lines to the measurement of poverty has been less clearly acknowledged. It is my contention that confusion about this lies at the root of residual disagreement concerning poverty lines. In this article the debate is reviewed, necessarily re-
TL;DR: The results show that MFBIA does not accurately measure ECW and TBW changes during dialysis and are not sufficiently precise to be clinically useful.
Abstract: Multifrequency bio-electrical impedance analysis (MFBIA) was evaluated as a technique for monitoring changes in extracellular and total body water (ECW and TBW, respectively) of 15 subjects during dialysis. Dilution analysis, using deuterium oxide and sodium bromide, was also performed on each subject before dialysis so that prediction equations for ECW and TBW based on the MFBIA measures could be developed. These prediction equations were then used to estimate water compartment volume changes during dialysis and compared with volumetric measures of the dialysate removed. The results show that MFBIA does not accurately measure ECW and TBW changes during dialysis. The MFBIA measures tend to overestimate the changes and are not sufficiently precise to be clinically useful.
TL;DR: A series of new, kinetically stable, crystalline superlattice compounds containing integral number of intergrown dichalcogenide layers were prepared through controlled crystallization of Ti/Se/Nb/S as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A series of new, kinetically stable, crystalline superlattice compounds containing integral number of intergrown dichalcogenide layers were prepared through controlled crystallization of Ti/Se/Nb/S...
Patent•
12 Feb 1996TL;DR: In this article, an anisotropic interposer pad (10) is disposed between a first surface (11) and a second surface (12) in an electrical interface wherein the interface surfaces (11, 12) are non-compatible metals.
Abstract: An anisotropic interposer pad (10) disposed between a first surface (11) and a second surface (12) in an electrical interface wherein the interface surfaces (11, 12) are non-compatible metals. The interposer pad (10) is a plastic layer (20) and a plurality of spaced-apart electrically conducting particles (21) are disposed in a random pattern throughout the plastic layer (20). The particles (21) extend between the first side (22) of the plastic layer (20) and the second side (23) of the plastic layer (20). There is no lateral contact between any of the particles (21). The particles (21) are electrically conductive in a direction oriented between the first side (22) and the second side (23) of the plastic layer (20). The particles (21) act as an electrical connection between the first surface (11) and the second surface (12).
TL;DR: The teaching students to be peacemakers program as mentioned in this paper is a comprehensive, schoolwide conflict resolution and peer mediation training initiative targeting grades 1 through 12, where students are taught to appreciate and manage conflict and to derive benefit and insights from doing so.
Abstract: This article describes the principles, practices, and procedures of the Teaching Students To Be Peacemakers program -a comprehensive, schoolwide conflict resolution and peer mediation training initiative targeting grades 1 through 12. Through the Peacemakers program, students are taught to appreciate and manage conflict and to derive benefit and insights from doing so. They also learn a uniform set of procedures and competencies to resolve conflicts constructively, mediate their disputes themselves, and regulate their own and their schoolmates' behavior. Findings from research studies examining the efficacy and impact of the program in diverse school settings are also presented.
TL;DR: Lowering dialysate calcium concentration reduced the frequency of severe hypercalcaemia and allowed prescription of larger quantities of calcitriol and CaCO3 and may have initially exacerbated secondary hyperparathyroidism not change.
Abstract: Background. Effective control of hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy in CAPD patients requires a combination of calcitriol and calcium carbonate (CaCO3), but is frequently limited by hypercalcaemia. Reducing dialysate calcium (Ca) concentration may overcome this problem, but had not been examined in a controlled trial. Methods. 45 stable CAPD patients were randomly assigned in a prospective, double-blind trial to either a study group (1.25 mmol/1 Ca dialysate) or a control group (1.75 mmol/1 Ca dialysate) for 12 months. Clinical, biochemical and radiological parameters of secondary hyperparathyroidism were followed. Results. Twenty-three patients did not complete the study due to death (9), transplantation (7) or conversion to haemodialysis (7). Eleven patients in each group completed the study. Mean serum Ca, phosphate, ionized Ca, aluminium, alkaline phosphatase (AP), and bone mineral density (BMD) Z-scores did not differ significantly at any time within or between the two groups. Severe hypercalcaemia was more common in the control group (11 vs. 2, P=0.027). Mean serum intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) and osteocalcin (OCN) initially rose in the study group relative to controls at 3 months (40 ± 7 vs 12 ± 3 pmol/1, p=0.004, and 33±5 vs 15±2 ug/1, P=0.002 respectively), but were not sustained. Median weekly dosages of calcitriol and daily dosages of CaCO3 increased significantly in the study group (0 ug to 1 ug /> = 0.014 and 1260 mg to 2520 mg P=0.002 respectively), but not in the control group. Supplementary aluminium hydroxide (A1(OH)3) was required for phosphate control in both study (n = 5) and control patients (« = 4). Conclusions. Lowering dialysate calcium concentration reduced the frequency of severe hypercalcaemia and allowed prescription of larger quantities of calcitriol and CaCO3. However, in this study it offered no advantage in terms of A1(OH)3 requirement, while
TL;DR: In this paper, the ingestion of soil by sheep grazing on pasture reclaimed from the sea has been studied, and the results have been combined with relevant data from earlier studies at this same site in order to quantify the factors affecting intakes of various radionuclides by sheep and their onward transfer along the food chain.
TL;DR: In this article, the vanadium selenium phase diagram is used to study the low temperature crystallization of amorphous reaction intermediates, which is ideally suited for the study of incongruently melting compounds.
TL;DR: Monitoring change in BV during dialysis by examining alterations in optical density, optical reflection, mass density, viscosity, protein concentration or electrical conductivity finds the best method currently available is measurement of red cell and plasma volumes by dilution of radioactively labelled blood elements.