David W. Johnson

Bio: David W. Johnson is an academic researcher from University of Queensland. The author has contributed to research in topics: Peritoneal dialysis & Kidney disease. The author has an hindex of 160, co-authored 2714 publications receiving 140778 citations. Previous affiliations of David W. Johnson include Minnesota Department of Transportation & Open University.

Prevention of Progression of Kidney Disease

Abstract: SUMMARY OF THE EVIDENCE In summary, there is no convincing or conclusive evidencethat long-term protein restriction delays the progression ofCKD. The longest lasting, largest and best-designed RCT(MDRD study) argues against an important benefit. Fourmeta-analyses have demonstrated either a modest or sub-stantial benefit of protein-restricted diets, but three of theseused an inappropriate outcome measure (renal survival),which does not allow distinction between delay of dialysisdue to suppression of uraemic symptoms vs. slowing renalfailure progression. The only meta-analysis which used esti-mated GFR as an outcome measure found only a very weakbenefit of dietary protein restriction. It also found evidenceof possible publication bias favouring a beneficial effect oflow protein diets. The trials showed some heterogeneity andcannot substitute for properly conducted RCTs. Moreover,the possibility of a modest benefit of low-protein diets onrenal failure progression must be weighed against the risk ofa concomitant decline in nutritional parameters. Only threeof the 11 RCTs in non-diabetics have addressed the effect ofrestricted protein diets on nutrition

The Outcomes of Patients with ESRD and ANCA-Associated Vasculitis in Australia and New Zealand

Abstract: Summary Background and objectives This study aimed to evaluate dialysis and transplant outcomes of patients with ESRD secondary to ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). Design, setting, participants, & measurements All ESRD patients who commenced renal replacement therapy in Australia and New Zealand between 1996 and 2010 were included. Outcomes were assessed by Kaplan–Meier, multivariable Cox regression, and competing-risks regression survival analyses. Results Of 36,884 ESRD patients, 228 had microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and 221 had granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). Using competing-risks regression, compared with other causes of ESRD, MPA patients (hazard ratio [HR], 0.89; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.73–1.08; P =0.24) and GPA patients (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.74–1.19; P =0.62) experienced comparable survival on dialysis. Forty-six MPA patients (21%) and 47 GPA (20%) patients received 98 renal allografts. Respective 10-year first graft survival rates in MPA, GPA, and non-AAV patients were 50%, 62%, 70%, whereas patient survival rates were 68%, 85% and 83%, respectively. Compared with non-AAV patients, MPA transplant recipients had higher risks of graft failure (HR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.07–3.25; P =0.03) and death (HR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.02–3.69; P =0.04), whereas GPA transplant recipients experienced comparable renal allograft survival (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.43–1.93; P =0.81) and patient survival (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.23–2.27; P =0.58). AAV recurrence was observed in two renal allografts (2%). Conclusions Compared with ESRD patients without AAV, those with GPA have comparable renal replacement therapy outcomes, whereas MPA patients have comparable dialysis survival but poorer renal transplant allograft and patient survival rates.

In Vivo Antitumor Activity of a Monoclonal Antibody-Vinca Alkaloid Immunoconjugate Directed against a Solid Tumor Membrane Antigen Characterized by Heterogeneous Expression and Noninternalization of Antibody-Antigen Complexes

Abstract: It is widely believed that antigen heterogeneity and noninternalization of antigen-antibody complexes will severely limit the antitumor activity of monoclonal antibody-drug conjugates. The B72.3 monoclonal antibody binds to a tumor-associated antigen which is heterogeneously expressed in human carcinomas (J. Schlom, Cancer Res., 46: 3225–3238, 1986). We therefore performed studies to assess the degree of internalization of B72.3 antibody-antigen complexes and the level of in vivo antitumor activity that could be achieved with B72.3 conjugated to 4-desacetyl vinblastine-3-carboxhydrazide. Internalization studies were performed on LS174T colorectal carcinoma and OVCAR-3 ovarian carcinoma cells using iodinated B72.3 as well as an iodinated antibody that binds to the human transferrin receptor, HB-21. These data indicated that, in contrast to HB-21, the B72.3 antigen-antibody complex was not internalized. The B72.3-Vinca alkaloid immunoconjugate demonstrated significant antitumor activity against LS174T xenografts, although complete regressions of established tumors were not achieved. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that the B72.3 antigen was heterogeneously expressed in the LS174T xenografts and that tumor cells which were not killed by high doses of B72.3-Vinca also expressed the B72.3 antigen. These studies indicated that significant antitumor activity may be achieved by monoclonal antibody-drug conjugates even when antigen heterogeneity and noninternalization of antigen-antibody complexes are encountered. The data also suggested that the formulation of antibody-drug conjugate cocktails to counteract antigen heterogeneity may not be sufficient to eradicate all malignant cells within a solid tumor mass.

Antineural antibodies in the serum of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Abstract: Sera from 12 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 18 controls were screened for antineural antibodies using immunoblotting. No consistent differences were detected between ALS patients and controls, although antibodies to 52,000- and 70,000-dalton proteins in mouse spinal cord were somewhat more common in ALS sera. Antibodies to a protein of approximately 150,000 to 200,000 daltons were also evident. The 70,000- and 52,000-dalton proteins were detected in brain, cerebellum, and liver as well as spinal cord. Immunohistochemistry suggested antibody activity was directed at least in part to neurofilaments. While the antibodies to the 52,000- and 70,000-dalton proteins were more common in ALS than control sera ( p

Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

Abstract: The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

The social identity theory of intergroup behavior

Abstract: This chapter presents an outline of a theory of intergroup conflict and some preliminary data relating to the theory. Much of the work on the social psychology of intergroup relations has focused on patterns of individual prejudices and discrimination and on the motivational sequences of interpersonal interaction. The intensity of explicit intergroup conflicts of interests is closely related in human cultures to the degree of opprobrium attached to the notion of "renegade" or "traitor." The basic and highly reliable finding is that the trivial, ad hoc intergroup categorization leads to in-group favoritism and discrimination against the out-group. Many orthodox definitions of "social groups" are unduly restrictive when applied to the context of intergroup relations. The equation of social competition and intergroup conflict rests on the assumptions concerning an "ideal type" of social stratification in which the salient dimensions of intergroup differentiation are those involving scarce resources.