David W. Johnson

Bio: David W. Johnson is an academic researcher from University of Queensland. The author has contributed to research in topics: Peritoneal dialysis & Kidney disease. The author has an hindex of 160, co-authored 2714 publications receiving 140778 citations. Previous affiliations of David W. Johnson include Minnesota Department of Transportation & Open University.

Effect of probiotics and synbiotics consumption on serum concentrations of liver function test enzymes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract: The gut–liver interaction suggests that modification of gut bacterial flora using probiotics and synbiotics may improve liver function. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify the effect of probiotics and synbiotics consumption on the serum concentration of liver function enzymes. PubMed (MEDLINE), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane Library (Central) were searched from 1980 to August 2017 for studies where adults consumed probiotics and/or synbiotics in controlled trials and changes in liver function enzymes were examined. A total of 17 studies (19 trials) were included in the meta-analysis. Random effects meta-analyses were applied. Probiotics and synbiotics significantly reduced serum alanine aminotransferase [− 8.05 IU/L, 95% confidence interval (CI) − 13.07 to − 3.04; p = 0.002]; aspartate aminotransferase (− 7.79 IU/L, 95% CI: − 13.93 to − 1.65; p = 0.02) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (− 8.40 IU/L, 95% CI − 12.61 to − 4.20; p < 0.001). Changes in the serum concentration of alkaline phosphatase and albumin did not reach a statistically significant level. Changes to bilirubin levels were in favour of the control group (0.95 μmol/L, 95% CI 0.48–1.42; p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis suggested the existence of liver disease at baseline, synbiotics supplementation and duration of supplementation ≥ 8 weeks resulted in more pronounced improvement in liver function enzymes than their counterparts. Probiotics and synbiotics may be suggested as supplements to improve serum concentration of liver enzymes, especially when synbiotics administered for a period ≥ 8 weeks and in individuals with liver disease.

The Effects of Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Goal Structures on Students' Attitudes and Achievement

Abstract: Summary The effects of interpersonal cooperation, competition, and individualistic efforts were compared on students' achievement and perceptions of teacher and peer academic and personal support. Sixty-nine fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students were included in the study. Males and females were randomly assigned to conditions so that within each condition there were 23 Ss and an approximately equal number of males and females. The results indicate that cooperation promoted stronger perceptions of teacher academic and personal support than did individualistic learning experiences, stronger perceptions of peer academic and personal support than did either competitive or individualistic learning experiences, and higher achievement than did the other two conditions. Competition resulted in higher achievement and stronger perceptions of teacher academic support than did individualistic learning experiences.

Adsorption of nitric oxide on Cu(100) surfaces; an electron spectroscopic study

Abstract: The adsorption of nitric oxide on Cu(100) has been investigated by high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; at 85 K a number of distinct molecular processes have been recognised including dissociation, oxygen chemisorption, and the catalytic formation of nitrous oxide, which desorbs at 110 K leaving at 295 K only chemisorbed oxygen which exhibits a [graphic omitted] R 45° low energy electron diffraction pattern.

Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

Abstract: The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

The social identity theory of intergroup behavior

Abstract: This chapter presents an outline of a theory of intergroup conflict and some preliminary data relating to the theory. Much of the work on the social psychology of intergroup relations has focused on patterns of individual prejudices and discrimination and on the motivational sequences of interpersonal interaction. The intensity of explicit intergroup conflicts of interests is closely related in human cultures to the degree of opprobrium attached to the notion of "renegade" or "traitor." The basic and highly reliable finding is that the trivial, ad hoc intergroup categorization leads to in-group favoritism and discrimination against the out-group. Many orthodox definitions of "social groups" are unduly restrictive when applied to the context of intergroup relations. The equation of social competition and intergroup conflict rests on the assumptions concerning an "ideal type" of social stratification in which the salient dimensions of intergroup differentiation are those involving scarce resources.