The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.

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Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

This chapter presents an outline of a theory of intergroup conflict and some preliminary data relating to the theory. Much of the work on the social psychology of intergroup relations has focused on patterns of individual prejudices and discrimination and on the motivational sequences of interpersonal interaction. The intensity of explicit intergroup conflicts of interests is closely related in human cultures to the degree of opprobrium attached to the notion of "renegade" or "traitor." The basic and highly reliable finding is that the trivial, ad hoc intergroup categorization leads to in-group favoritism and discrimination against the out-group. Many orthodox definitions of "social groups" are unduly restrictive when applied to the context of intergroup relations. The equation of social competition and intergroup conflict rests on the assumptions concerning an "ideal type" of social stratification in which the salient dimensions of intergroup differentiation are those involving scarce resources.

The social identity theory of intergroup behavior

Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

Summary Six studies involving over 6000 students from kindergarten through college were sequenced over a period of years to develop three relatively independent self-report scales with substantial internal reliability to measure attitudes toward cooperative, competitive, and individualistic interdependence between oneself and others in educational settings. The purpose of the scale development was to provide a research tool for social scientists interested in social interdependence. In addition, evidence consistent with a multidimensional view of social interdependence was gathered, and some additional evidence indicating a change in conceptions of the three types of social interdependence in junior high school was found.

A Measure of Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Attitudes

Series Editors' Introduction Preface About the Author 1. The Power of Cooperative Groups 2. Structuring Productive Groups 3. Developing an Assessment Plan for Groups 4. Using Groups for Individual Assessment 5. Assessing Groups as a Whole 6. Incorporating Peer Assessment in Groups 7. Cultivating Self-Assessment in Groups 8. Designing Group Experiences for Assessment 9. Putting It All Together References Index

Assessing Students in Groups: Promoting Group Responsibility and Individual Accountability

The social psychology of education

Does renal failure cause an atherosclerotic milieu in patients with end-stage renal disease?

New thin-film dielectrics and nanolaminates have been synthesized via aqueous-solution deposition of Hf and Zr sulfates, where facile gelation and vitrification of the precursor solution have been achieved without organic additives. X-ray reflectivity, imaging, and metal-insulator-metal capacitor performance reveal that smooth, atomically dense films are readily produced by spin coating and modest thermal treatment (T < 325 °C). Dielectric characteristics include permittivities covering the range of 9–12 with breakdown fields up to 6 MV cm–1. Performance as gate dielectrics is demonstrated in field-effect transistors exhibiting small gate-leakage currents and qualitatively ideal device performance. The low-temperature processing, uniformity, and pore-free nature of the films have also allowed construction of unique, high-resolution nanolaminates exhibiting individual layers as thin as 3 nm.

David W. Johnson

Papers

A Measure of Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Attitudes

Assessing Students in Groups: Promoting Group Responsibility and Individual Accountability

The social psychology of education

Does renal failure cause an atherosclerotic milieu in patients with end-stage renal disease?

Solution-Processed HafSOx and ZircSOx Inorganic Thin-Film Dielectrics and Nanolaminates