Fog/edge computing has been proposed to be integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) to enable computing services devices deployed at network edge, aiming to improve the user’s experience and resilience of the services in case of failures. With the advantage of distributed architecture and close to end-users, fog/edge computing can provide faster response and greater quality of service for IoT applications. Thus, fog/edge computing-based IoT becomes future infrastructure on IoT development. To develop fog/edge computing-based IoT infrastructure, the architecture, enabling techniques, and issues related to IoT should be investigated first, and then the integration of fog/edge computing and IoT should be explored. To this end, this paper conducts a comprehensive overview of IoT with respect to system architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy issues, and present the integration of fog/edge computing and IoT, and applications. Particularly, this paper first explores the relationship between cyber-physical systems and IoT, both of which play important roles in realizing an intelligent cyber-physical world. Then, existing architectures, enabling technologies, and security and privacy issues in IoT are presented to enhance the understanding of the state of the art IoT development. To investigate the fog/edge computing-based IoT, this paper also investigate the relationship between IoT and fog/edge computing, and discuss issues in fog/edge computing-based IoT. Finally, several applications, including the smart grid, smart transportation, and smart cities, are presented to demonstrate how fog/edge computing-based IoT to be implemented in real-world applications.

A Survey on Internet of Things: Architecture, Enabling Technologies, Security and Privacy, and Applications

Wireless networks are gaining popularity to its peak today, as the users want wireless connectivity irrespective of their geographic position. There is an increasing threat of attacks on the Mobile ...

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Analysis of Black Hole attack On MANETs Using different MANET Routing Protocols

An ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes that dynamically form a temporary network. It operates without the use of existing infrastructure. One of the principal routing protocols used in ad hoc networks is AODV (ad hoc on demand distance vector) protocol. This is anticipated to offer a range of flexible services to mobile and nomadic users by means of integrated homogeneous architecture. Energy constrained node, low channel bandwidth, node mobility, high channel error rates, channel variability and packet loss are some of the limitations of MANETs. The security of the AODV protocol is compromised by a particular type of attack called 'Black Hole attack'. Black hole attack is one of the security threat in which the traffic is redirected to such a node that actually does not exist in the network. In this attack a malicious node advertises itself as having the shortest path to the node whose packets it wants to intercept. This paper shows simulation results, provides fast message verification, identifies black hole and discovers the safe routing and avoiding the black hole attack.

Prevention of Black Hole Attack in MANET

http://cgi.di.uoa.gr/~xenakis/Published/40-COSE-II/COSE-MANETS-IDS-Evaluation.pdf

A comparative evaluation of intrusion detection architectures for mobile ad hoc networks

Data collection for attack detection and security measurement in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A survey

In multi-hop wireless systems, the need for cooperation among nodes to relay each other's packets exposes them to a wide range of security attacks. A particularly devastating attack is the wormhole attack, where a malicious node records control traffic at one location and tunnels it to another compromised node, possibly far away, which replays it locally. Routing security in ad hoc networks is often equated with strong and feasible node authentication and lightweight cryptography. Unfortunately, the wormhole attack can hardly be defeated by crypto graphical measures, as wormhole attackers do not create separate packets. They simply replay packets already existing on the network, which pass the cryptographic checks. Existing works on wormhole detection have often focused on detection using specialized hardware, such as directional antennas, etc. In this paper, we present a cluster based counter-measure for the wormhole attack, that alleviates these drawbacks and efficiently mitigates the wormhole attack in MANET. Simulation results on MATLab exhibit the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in detecting wormhole attacks.

A new cluster-based wormhole intrusion detection algorithm for mobile ad-hoc networks

Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is highly vulnerable to attacks due to the open medium dynamically changing network topology, co-operative algorithm, lack of centralized monitoring and management point. The fact that security is a critical problem when implementing mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is widely acknowledged. One of the different kinds of misbehavior a node may exhibit is selfishness. Routing protocol plays a crucial role for effective communication between mobile nodes and operates on the basic assumption that nodes are fully cooperative. Because of open structure and limited batterybased energy some nodes (i.e. selfish or malicious) may not cooperate correctly. There can be two types of selfish attacks –selfish node attack (saving own resources) and sleep deprivation (exhaust others’ resources. In this paper, we propose a new Intrusion Detection System (IDS) based on Mobile Agents. The approach uses a set of Mobile Agent (MA) that can move from one node to another node within a network. This as a whole reduces network bandwidth consumption by moving the computation for data analysis to the location of the intrusion. Besides, it has been established that the proposed method also decreases the computation overhead in each node in the network.

MADSN: Mobile Agent Based Detection of Selfish Node in MANET

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are highly vulnerable to attacks due to multiple factors including the open medium, dynamically changing network topology, cooperative algorithms, and lack of centralized monitoring. Besides slowing down the network, the traditional way of using firewalls and cryptography often fails to detect different types of attacks. The lack of infrastructures in MANETs makes the detection and control of security hazards all the more difficult. In this paper, we present a new, cluster based Black Hole Intrusion Detection System (BHIDS) for mobile, ad hoc networks. The features that are considered for BHIDS include mobility of nodes, variation in number of attacking nodes, packet delivery rate, density of the network, etc. The nodes in the network form a two-layered cluster. This helps splitting the processing and communication overhead between the cluster heads at Layer 1 and 2. The proposed IDS algorithm has been tested on a simulated network using the NS simulator. The performance graphs show marked improvement as far as packet dropping is concerned. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

BHIDS: a new, cluster based algorithm for black hole IDS

MANETs are highly vulnerable to attacks due to the open medium dynamically changing network topology, cooperative algorithm, lack of centralized monitoring and management point. The fact that security is a critical problem in implementing mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is widely acknowledged. One of the different kinds of misbehavior a node may exhibit is exhausting a node by consuming its battery power. Routing protocol plays a crucial role for effective communication between mobile nodes and operates on the basic assumption that nodes are fully cooperative. Because of open structure and limited battery-based energy some nodes may not cooperate correctly. In this paper an algorithm is proposed to prevent sleep deprivation attack. The proposed algorithm is based on clustering mechanism.

Prevention of sleep deprivation attacks using clustering

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a network built on ad hoc demand by some mobile wireless nodes geographically distributed over an area. There is no fixed infrastructure and also no centralized administration. The traditional security measures fail to provide the required security level in MANETs. Specialised detection schemes are to be employed for detecting the intruder attack in MANET. The intrusion detection systems based on mobile agents uses a set of mobile agents moving from one node to another node within a network. The distributed ID consists of multiple mobile agents which cooperate over a large network and communicate with each other. This as a whole reduces network bandwidth usage by moving data analysis computation to the location of the intrusion data & support heterogeneous platforms. In this paper, a mobile agent based IDS have been proposed to detect the black hole attack in MANET, with the aim of reducing computational complexity.

Debdutta Barman Roy

Papers

A new cluster-based wormhole intrusion detection algorithm for mobile ad-hoc networks

MADSN: Mobile Agent Based Detection of Selfish Node in MANET

BHIDS: a new, cluster based algorithm for black hole IDS

Prevention of sleep deprivation attacks using clustering

MABHIDS: A New Mobile Agent Based Black Hole Intrusion Detection System