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Author

Deepak Gautam

Bio: Deepak Gautam is an academic researcher from Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi. The author has contributed to research in topics: Boost converter & Power factor. The author has an hindex of 13, co-authored 26 publications receiving 1025 citations.

Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a multiresonant dc-dc converter in a two-stage smart battery charger for neighborhood electric vehicle applications is presented, which eliminates both low and high-frequency current ripple on the battery, thus maximizing battery life without penalizing the volume of the charger.
Abstract: In this paper, resonant tank design procedure and practical design considerations are presented for a high performance LLC multiresonant dc-dc converter in a two-stage smart battery charger for neighborhood electric vehicle applications. The multiresonant converter has been analyzed and its performance characteristics are presented. It eliminates both low- and high-frequency current ripple on the battery, thus maximizing battery life without penalizing the volume of the charger. Simulation and experimental results are presented for a prototype unit converting 390 V from the input dc link to an output voltage range of 48-72 V dc at 650 W. The prototype achieves a peak efficiency of 96%.

390 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A 3.3-kW two-stage battery charger design is presented for a PHEV application to achieve high efficiency, which is critical to minimize the charger size, charging time, and the amount and cost of electricity drawn from the utility.
Abstract: An onboard charger is responsible for charging the battery pack in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). In this paper, a 3.3-kW two-stage battery charger design is presented for a PHEV application. The objective of the design is to achieve high efficiency, which is critical to minimize the charger size, charging time, and the amount and cost of electricity drawn from the utility. The operation of the charger power converter configuration is provided in addition to a detailed design procedure. The mechanical packaging design and key experimental results are provided to verify the suitability of the proposed charger power architecture.

226 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
13 Oct 2011
TL;DR: In this article, a 3.3kW two-stage battery charger design is presented for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) application to achieve high efficiency, which is critical to minimize the charger size, charging time and the amount and cost of electricity drawn from the utility.
Abstract: An on-board charger is responsible for charging the battery pack in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). In this paper, a 3.3kW two stage battery charger design is presented for a PHEV application. The objective of the design is to achieve high efficiency, which is critical to minimize the charger size, charging time and the amount and cost of electricity drawn from the utility. The operation of the charger power converter configuration is provided in addition to a detailed design procedure. The mechanical packaging design and key experimental results are provided to verify the suitability of the proposed charger power architecture.

145 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed control scheme minimizes both low- and high-frequency current ripples on the battery while maintaining stability of the dc-dc converter, thus maximizing battery life without penalizing the volume of the charger.
Abstract: In this paper, a control strategy is presented for a high-performance capacitively loaded loop (LLC) multiresonant dc-dc converter in a two-stage smart charger for neighborhood electric vehicle (NEV) applications. It addresses several aspects and limitations of LLC resonant dc-dc converters in battery charging applications, such as very wide output voltage range while keeping the efficiency maximized, implementation of the current mode control at the secondary side, and optimization of burst mode operation for current regulation at very low output voltage. The proposed control scheme minimizes both low- and high-frequency current ripples on the battery while maintaining stability of the dc-dc converter, thus maximizing battery life without penalizing the volume of the charger. Experimental results are presented for a prototype unit converting 390 V from the input dc link to an output voltage range of 3-72 V dc at 650 W. The prototype achieves a peak efficiency value of 96%.

118 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a zero-voltage switching full-bridge converter with trailing edge pulse width modulation and capacitive output filter is presented for a two-stage 1.65 kW on-board charger for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.
Abstract: In this paper, a novel zero-voltage switching full-bridge converter with trailing edge pulse width modulation and capacitive output filter is presented. The target application for this study is the second stage dc-dc converter in a two stage 1.65 kW on-board charger for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. For this application the design objective is to achieve high efficiency and low cost in order to minimize the charger size, charging time, and the amount and the cost of electricity drawn from the utility. A detailed converter operation analysis is presented along with simulation and experimental results. In comparison to a benchmark full-bridge with an LC output filter, the proposed converter reduces the reverse recovery losses in the secondary rectifier diodes, therefore, enabling a converter switching frequency of 100 kHz. Experimental results are presented for a prototype unit converting 400 V from the input dc link to an output voltage range of 200-450 V dc at 1650 W. The prototype achieves a peak efficiency of 95.7%.

110 citations


Cited by
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive topological survey of the currently available PEV charging solutions is presented and PEV chargers based on the nature of charging, stages of conversion, power level, and type of semiconductor devices utilized are reviewed.
Abstract: The impending global energy crisis has opened up new opportunities for the automotive industry to meet the ever-increasing demand for cleaner and fuel-efficient vehicles. This has necessitated the development of drivetrains that are either fully or partially electrified in the form of electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EVs and HEVs), respectively, which are collectively addressed as plug-in EVs (PEVs). PEVs in general are equipped with larger on-board storage and power electronics for charging or discharging the battery, in comparison with HEVs. The extent to which PEVs are adopted significantly depends on the nature of the charging solution utilized. In this paper, a comprehensive topological survey of the currently available PEV charging solutions is presented. PEV chargers based on the nature of charging (conductive or inductive), stages of conversion (integrated single stage or two stages), power level (level 1, 2, or 3), and type of semiconductor devices utilized (silicon, silicon carbide, or gallium nitride) are thoroughly reviewed in this paper.

497 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
10 Dec 2019
TL;DR: The benefits of using the solid-state transformers in the XFC stations to replace the conventional line-frequency transformers and a comprehensive review of the medium-voltage SST designs for the X FC application are considered.
Abstract: With the number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the rise, there is a need for an adequate charging infrastructure to serve these vehicles. The emerging extreme fast-charging (XFC) technology has the potential to provide a refueling experience similar to that of gasoline vehicles. In this article, we review the state-of-the-art EV charging infrastructure and focus on the XFC technology, which will be necessary to support the current and future EV refueling needs. We present the design considerations of the XFC stations and review the typical power electronics converter topologies suitable to deliver XFC. We consider the benefits of using the solid-state transformers (SSTs) in the XFC stations to replace the conventional line-frequency transformers and further provide a comprehensive review of the medium-voltage SST designs for the XFC application.

382 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
17 Aug 2017-Energies
TL;DR: The authors in this article reviewed all the useful data available on EV configurations, battery energy sources, electrical machines, charging techniques, optimization techniques, impacts, trends, and possible directions of future developments.
Abstract: Electric vehicles (EV), including Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), are becoming more commonplace in the transportation sector in recent times. As the present trend suggests, this mode of transport is likely to replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in the near future. Each of the main EV components has a number of technologies that are currently in use or can become prominent in the future. EVs can cause significant impacts on the environment, power system, and other related sectors. The present power system could face huge instabilities with enough EV penetration, but with proper management and coordination, EVs can be turned into a major contributor to the successful implementation of the smart grid concept. There are possibilities of immense environmental benefits as well, as the EVs can extensively reduce the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the transportation sector. However, there are some major obstacles for EVs to overcome before totally replacing ICE vehicles. This paper is focused on reviewing all the useful data available on EV configurations, battery energy sources, electrical machines, charging techniques, optimization techniques, impacts, trends, and possible directions of future developments. Its objective is to provide an overall picture of the current EV technology and ways of future development to assist in future researches in this sector.

372 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The paper deals with industry related EV energy storage system issues, EV charging issues, as well as power electronics and traction motor drives issues, and various EV propulsion system architectures and efficient bidirectional DC/DC converter topologies.
Abstract: This paper presents the current research trends and future issues for industrial electronics related to transportation electrification. Specific emphasis is placed on electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EVs/PHEVs) and their critical drivetrain components. The paper deals with industry related EV energy storage system issues, EV charging issues, as well as power electronics and traction motor drives issues. The importance of battery cell voltage equalization for series-connected lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries for extended life time is presented. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of EV/PHEV battery charger classification, standards, and requirements is presented. Several conventional EV/PHEV front-end ac/dc charger converter topologies as well as isolated DC/DC topologies are reviewed. Finally, this paper reviews various EV propulsion system architectures and efficient bidirectional DC/DC converter topologies. Novel DC/AC inverter modulation techniques for EVs are also presented. The architectures are based on the battery voltage, capacity, and driving range.

367 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Junjun Deng, Siqi Li1, Sideng Hu1, Chunting Chris Mi1, Ruiqing Ma 
TL;DR: An inductor-inductor-capacitor (LLC) resonant dc-dc converter design procedure for an onboard lithium-ion battery charger of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is presented.
Abstract: In this paper, an inductor–inductor–capacitor (LLC) resonant dc–dc converter design procedure for an onboard lithium-ion battery charger of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is presented. Unlike traditional resistive load applications, the characteristic of a battery load is nonlinear and highly related to the charging profiles. Based on the features of an LLC converter and the characteristics of the charging profiles, the design considerations are studied thoroughly. The worst-case conditions for primary-side zero-voltage switching (ZVS) operation are analytically identified based on fundamental harmonic approximation when a constant maximum power (CMP) charging profile is implemented. Then, the worst-case operating point is used as the design targeted point to ensure soft-switching operation globally. To avoid the inaccuracy of fundamental harmonic approximation approach in the below-resonance region, the design constraints are derived based on a specific operation mode analysis. Finally, a step-by-step design methodology is proposed and validated through experiments on a prototype converting 400 V from the input to an output voltage range of 250–450 V at 3.3 kW with a peak efficiency of 98.2%.

356 citations