Part One: The Context Of Educational Research Part Two: Planning Educational Research Part Three: Styles Of Educational Research Part Four: Strategies And Instruments For Data Collection And Researching Part Five: Data Analysis

Research Methods in Education

Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Behavioral scientists routinely publish broad claims about human psychology and behavior in the world's top journals based on samples drawn entirely from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies. Researchers - often implicitly - assume that either there is little variation across human populations, or that these "standard subjects" are as representative of the species as any other population. Are these assumptions justified? Here, our review of the comparative database from across the behavioral sciences suggests both that there is substantial variability in experimental results across populations and that WEIRD subjects are particularly unusual compared with the rest of the species - frequent outliers. The domains reviewed include visual perception, fairness, cooperation, spatial reasoning, categorization and inferential induction, moral reasoning, reasoning styles, self-concepts and related motivations, and the heritability of IQ. The findings suggest that members of WEIRD societies, including young children, are among the least representative populations one could find for generalizing about humans. Many of these findings involve domains that are associated with fundamental aspects of psychology, motivation, and behavior - hence, there are no obvious a priori grounds for claiming that a particular behavioral phenomenon is universal based on sampling from a single subpopulation. Overall, these empirical patterns suggests that we need to be less cavalier in addressing questions of human nature on the basis of data drawn from this particularly thin, and rather unusual, slice of humanity. We close by proposing ways to structurally re-organize the behavioral sciences to best tackle these challenges.

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The WEIRDest People in the World

Attachment--and loss.

How we raise young children is one of today's most highly personalized and sharply politicized issues, in part because each of us can claim some level of "expertise." The debate has intensified as discoveries about our development-in the womb and in the first months and years-have reached the popular media. How can we use our burgeoning knowledge to assure the well-being of all young children, for their own sake as well as for the sake of our nation? Drawing from new findings, this book presents important conclusions about nature-versus-nurture, the impact of being born into a working family, the effect of politics on programs for children, the costs and benefits of intervention, and other issues. The committee issues a series of challenges to decision makers regarding the quality of child care, issues of racial and ethnic diversity, the integration of children's cognitive and emotional development, and more. Authoritative yet accessible, From Neurons to Neighborhoods presents the evidence about "brain wiring" and how kids learn to speak, think, and regulate their behavior. It examines the effect of the climate-family, child care, community-within which the child grows.

/pdf/from-neurons-to-neighborhoods-the-science-of-early-childhood-3bfl5g72ow.pdf

From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development

Current patterns of parental authority.

An overview of the Family Socialization and Developmental Competence longitudinal program of research (FSP) is followed by a presentation of the hypotheses and findings pertaining to family patterns as determinants of adolescent competence, and of types of adolescent substance users. Data include clusters derived from comprehensive ratings of parents and their children completed independently within- and across-time periods at ages 4, 9, and 15 years. At Time 3 (T3), the sample included 139 adolescents and their parents from a predominantly affluent, well-educated, Caucasian population. Parenting types were identified that differ on the bases of commitment and balance of demandingness and responsiveness. Authoritative parents who are highly demanding and highly responsive were remarkably successful in protecting their adolescents from problem drug use, and in generating competence. Authoritative upbringing, although sufficient, is not a necessary condition to produce competent children. Casual recreationa...

The Influence of Parenting Style on Adolescent Competence and Substance Use

CHILD CARE PRACTICES ANTECEDING THREE PATTERNS OF PRESCHOOL BEHAVIOR. STUDIED SYSTEMATICALLY CHILD-REARING PRACTICES ASSOCIATED WITH COMPETENCE IN THE PRESCHOOL CHILD. 2015 American Psychological Association PDF documents require Adobe Acrobat Reader.Effects of Authoritative Parental Control on Child Behavior, Child. Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic.She is best known for her work on describing parental styles of child care and. Anteceding Three Patterns of Preschool Behavior, Genetic Psychology.Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior.

Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior.

Three models of parental control-permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative-are described and contrasted. Pertinent findings concerning the effects on child behavior of component disciplinary practices are reviewed. With these and other findings as the basis for discussion, several propositions concerning the effects on child behavior of parental control variables are critically examined. Finally, the relation between freedom and control is examined and the position defended that authoritative control may effectively generate in the child, behavior which while well socialized is also wilful and independent.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1126611.pdf

Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior

In the United States today, parents rather than the state have primary responsibility for socializing their young. Socialization is an adult-initiated process by which the young person through education, training, and imitation acquires his culture as well as the habits and values congruent with adaptation to that culture. There is no way in which parents can evade having a determining effect upon their children's personality, character, and competence. Children are not the originators of their own actions in the sense that their parents are or should be. Adults can contribute to their own development by altering the stimuli that impinge upon them, and by defining objectives for themselves which, once formulated, then structure their actions. Children, on the other hand, will be presented with stimuli and asked to accomplish goals formulated for them by upbringers. Adult caretakers will play a determining role in the way their children develop, either consciously and conscientiously or by default. Several researchers (Spence, 1966; Siege1 and Konn, 1959) have found that nonreaction by adults is most frequently interpreted by

Diana Baumrind

Papers

Current patterns of parental authority.

The Influence of Parenting Style on Adolescent Competence and Substance Use

Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior.

Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior

Parental Disciplinary Patterns and Social Competence in Children