Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

The semiconductor industry has seen a remarkable miniaturization trend, driven by many scientific and technological innovations. But if this trend is to continue, and provide ever faster and cheaper computers, the size of microelectronic circuit components will soon need to reach the scale of atoms or molecules—a goal that will require conceptually new device structures. The idea that a few molecules, or even a single molecule, could be embedded between electrodes and perform the basic functions of digital electronics—rectification, amplification and storage—was first put forward in the mid-1970s. The concept is now realized for individual components, but the economic fabrication of complete circuits at the molecular level remains challenging because of the difficulty of connecting molecules to one another. A possible solution to this problem is ‘mono-molecular’ electronics, in which a single molecule will integrate the elementary functions and interconnections required for computation.

Electronics using hybrid-molecular and mono-molecular devices

Learn the basic properties and designs of modern VLSI devices, as well as the factors affecting performance, with this thoroughly updated second edition. The first edition has been widely adopted as a standard textbook in microelectronics in many major US universities and worldwide. The internationally-renowned authors highlight the intricate interdependencies and subtle tradeoffs between various practically important device parameters, and also provide an in-depth discussion of device scaling and scaling limits of CMOS and bipolar devices. Equations and parameters provided are checked continuously against the reality of silicon data, making the book equally useful in practical transistor design and in the classroom. Every chapter has been updated to include the latest developments, such as MOSFET scale length theory, high-field transport model, and SiGe-base bipolar devices.

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Fundamentals of Modern VLSI Devices

Surface treatments of titanium dental implants for rapid osseointegration

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New approaches to nanofabrication: molding, printing, and other techniques.

Fourier transform x-ray holography has been used to image gold test objects with submicrometer structure, resolving features as small as 60 nanometers. The hologram-recording instrument uses coherent 3.4-nanometer radiation from the soft x-ray undulator beamline X1A at the National Synchrotron Light Source. The specimen to be imaged is placed near the first-order focal spot produced by a Fresnel zone plate; the other orders, chiefly the zeroth, illuminate the specimen. The wave scattered by the specimen interferes with the spherical reference wave from the focal spot, forming a hologram with fringes of low spatial frequency. The hologram is recorded in digital form by a charge-coupled device camera, and the specimen image is obtained by numerical reconstruction.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/256/5059/1009.full.pdf

High-Resolution Imaging by Fourier Transform X-ray Holography.

A finely focused electron beam is used as a source of energy to decompose molecules, e.g., organometallics or hydrocarbons, adsorbed on the surface of a substrate. Films deposited by these means can be used as etch mask for reactive ion etching, as an absorber for various types of radiation, or directly as part of a device structure. A vector scan electron beam system with a LaB6 cathode has been equipped with a temperature controlled reservoir to supply vapors into a differentially pumped sample chamber. The substrate is mounted on a stage which can be cooled or heated in the range of −40 to +110 °C. The ability to utilize backscattered electron micro‐ scopy is maintained. Area, line, and spot deposition rates have been measured for tungsten hexacarbonyl [W(CO)6] and dimethyl–gold–trifluoro–acetylacetonate [Me2Au(tfac)] at various fluxes, sample temperatures, and current densities. Three‐dimensional buildup of tips and free standing lines across holes in membranes and resolution better than 0.25 μm have ...

High‐resolution electron‐beam induced deposition

Diffraction-limited imaging in a scanning transmission x-ray microscope

The controlled placement of DNA molecules onto solid surfaces is the first step in the fabrication of DNA arrays. The sequential deposition of tiny drops containing the probe DNA fragments using arrays of spotting needles or ink jet nozzles has become a standard. However, a caveat of liquid spotting is the drying of the deposited drop because this creates the typical inhomogeneities, i.e., rims around the spot. Another drawback is that each DNA array is an original and has to be fabricated individually. Microcontact printing is a versatile technique to place proteins onto different target surfaces in uniformly patterned monolayers with high lateral resolution. Here, we show for the first time that DNA can also be printed with equally high resolution in the submicrometer range using an elastomeric stamp with chemically tailored surface. Two regimes for the transfer of the molecules were observed. Finally, microcontact printing of an array of DNA probes onto a solid support and its use in a subsequent hybri...

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Microcontact printing of DNA molecules.

We have investigated the effects of particle size and aspect ratio on the hysteresis in controlled arrays of small magnetic particles. The arrays of permalloy particles were fabricated via electron‐beam lithography. Each array consists of ∼ 106 identical, uniformly spaced particles. Hysteresis loops measured with an alternating‐gradient magnetometer for particles ∼5–0.1 μm are presented. We find an increase in the coercive force as the particle width decreases below 0.3 μm due to a change in the switching mechanism from domain‐wall nucleation and wall motion to vortex nucleation and vortex motion. A novel angular dependence of the loops is described in detail. Results from ab initio micromagnetic calculations on isolated rectangular Permalloy particles are compared, where applicable, with the measurements. We find excellent qualitative and, in selected cases, quantitative agreement between the experiments and calculations.

Dieter P. Kern

Papers

High-Resolution Imaging by Fourier Transform X-ray Holography.

High‐resolution electron‐beam induced deposition

Diffraction-limited imaging in a scanning transmission x-ray microscope

Microcontact printing of DNA molecules.

Hysteresis in lithographic arrays of permalloy particles: Experiment and theory (invited)