Cytotoxic constituents of Achillea clavennae from Montenegro.

In view of the importance in folk medicine of some species of Tanacetum L. (Compositae), e.g. T. parthenium, this paper reviews reports of the past two decades on their phytochemistry and pharmacological actions. The facets of phytochemical composition to be reviewed concern mainly the compounds with a chemosystematic interest in the tribe: terpenoids, especially sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene lactones and flavonoids. The pharmacological activities which make it possible to corroborate their use as a herbal remedy have also been reviewed.

An approach to the genus Tanacetum L. (Compositae): phytochemical and pharmacological review

The composition of essential oils of Chrysanthemum indicum and C. morifolium were comparatively studied using both Gas Chromatography/Flame ionization Detector (GC/FID) and Gas Chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses. The antiviral activity was determined using a plaque reduction assay against three common viruses namely, herpes simplex type-1 (HSV-1), hepatitis A (HAV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The antimicrobial activity was assessed using agar diffusion and microdilution methods and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined. In addition, the anti-mycobacterial evaluation was carried out using the Alamar blue assay and the effect against Helicobacter pylori was investigated. The anti-trypanosomal activity was evaluated using the resazurin method. GC investigations revealed that camphor is the major constituent of both oils accounting for 36.69 and 14.56% in the essential oils from C. indicum and C. morifolium, respectively. C. indicum was biologically more active in all experiments; it exhibited a notable antitrypanosomal activity with an IC50 value equals 45.89 μg/mL and a notable antimicrobial activity versus Streptococcus agalactiae with a MIC value of 62.5 μg/mL. It also inhibited the replication of VSV with an IC50 value of 3.14 μg/mL. Both oils revealed antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 2.21 and 2.59 mg/mL for C. indicum and C. morifolium, respectively. This study provides evidence beyond the traditional use of both Chrysanthemum indicum and C. morifolium as anti-infective agents. Thus they could be used as spices in food and can be incorporated in different food products and pharmaceutical preparations as natural preservatives possessing antioxidant potential.

Chrysanthemum indicum and Chrysanthemum morifolium: Chemical Composition of Their Essential Oils and Their Potential Use as Natural Preservatives with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities.

The chemical components of the essential oil obtained from Chrysanthemum indicum L. were analyzed by GC-MS. Seventy-three compounds accounting for 96.65% of the extracted essential oil were identified. The main compounds in the oil were α-pinene (4.4%), 1,8-cineole (10.4%), α-thujone (6.05%), camphor (10.12%), terpinen-4-ol (3.4%), bornyl acetate (6.1%), borneol (3.6%), cis-chrysanthenol (3.4%), β-caryophyllene (5.1%), germacrene D (10.6%), and α-cadinol (3.0%). The essential oil of C. indicum exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against all oral bacteria tested (MICs, 0.1 to 1.6 ㎎/㎖; MBCs, 0.2 to 3.2 ㎎/㎖) than their major compounds. Furthermore, the MICs/MBCs were reduced to one half ~ one sixteenth as a result of the combinations included the essential oil with ampicillin or gentamicin for all oral bacteria. A strong bactericidal effect was exerted in drug combinations. The in vitro data suggest that the essential oil of C. indicum with other antibiotics may be microbiologically beneficial and synergistic.

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Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Chrysanthemum indicum Against Oral Bacteria

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data of sesquiterpene lactones. The structure classification and methods of structure determination are also described in the chapter. The sesquiterpene lactones are successfully used in chemotaxonomical studies and there are various biological activities of sesquiterpene lactones that form a basis for the structure–activity relation studies. Large numbers of sesquiterpene lactones are isolated from the plant material. The sesquiterpenoids are C15-compounds formed of three isoprenoid units. Based on the biogenetic assumptions, sesquiterpene lactones arise from a common precursor, farnesyl pyrophosphate, by various modes of cyclization followed in many cases by skeletal rearrangements. Their classification in general is based on the carbocyclic skeleton. The combination of various spectral methods is the most common way to determine the structure of the sesquiterpene lactones. The most important methods discussed are: mass spectra, infrared, ultraviolet, NMR, and X-ray. The 13C NMR spectra of sesquiterpene lactones are recorded with proton broad-band decoupling that eliminates the splitting from 13C-lH spin interactions and hence, the 13C signals appear as singlets. The structural assignments of the signals can be determined by chemical shifts, signal multiplicities, relaxation times, or shift reagents.

Dinh van Hung

Papers

New sesquiterpenoids from Chrysanthemum indicum var. tuneful.