Diwakar Z. Shende

Bio: Diwakar Z. Shende is an academic researcher from Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology. The author has contributed to research in topics: Extraction (chemistry) & Ionic liquid. The author has an hindex of 20, co-authored 61 publications receiving 1083 citations.

Synthesis, Characterization and Application of 1-Butyl-3 Methylimidazolium Chloride as Green Material for Extractive Desulfurization of Liquid Fuel

Abstract: The possible application of imidazolium ionic liquids as energy-efficient green material for extractive deep desulfurization of liquid fuel has been investigated. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM]Cl was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction of n-methylimidazolium and 1-chlorobutane. Molecular structures of the ILs were confirmed by FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. The thermal properties, conductivity, solubility, water content and viscosity analysis of [BMIM]Cl were carried out. The effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, sulfur compounds, and recycling of IL without regeneration on dibenzothiophene removal of liquid fuel were presented. In the extractive desulfurization process, the removal of dibenzothiophene in n-dodecane using [BMIM]Cl was 81% with mass ratio of 1 : 1, in 30 min at 30°C under the mild reaction conditions. Also, desulfurization of real fuels with IL and multistage extraction were studied. The results of this work might offer significant insights in the perceptive use of imidazoled ILs as energy-efficient green material for extractive deep desulfurization of liquid fuels as it can be reused without regeneration with considerable extraction efficiency.

Reactive extraction of itaconic acid using tri‐n‐butyl phosphate and aliquat 336 in sunflower oil as a non‐toxic diluent

Abstract: Itaconic acid finds a place in various industrial applications. It can be produced by biocultivation in a clean and environment friendly route but recovery of the acid from the dilute stream of the bioreactor is an economic problem. Reactive extraction is a promising method to recover carboxylic acid but suffers from toxicity problems of the diluent and extractant employed. So there is need for a non-toxic extractant and diluent or a combination of less toxic extractants in a non-toxic diluent that can recover acid efficiently. Effect of different extractants: tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP) (an organophosporous compound) and Aliquat 336 (a quaternary amine) in sunflower oil was studied to find the best extractant–sunflower oil combination. Equilibrium complexation constant, KE, values of 1.789 and 2.385 m3 kmol−1, respectively, were obtained for itaconic acid extraction using TBP and Aliquat 336 in sunflower oil. The problem of toxicity in reactive extraction can be reduced by using a natural non-toxic diluent (sunflower oil) with the extractant. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry

Reactive Extraction of Itaconic Acid Using Quaternary Amine Aliquat 336 in Ethyl Acetate, Toluene, Hexane, and Kerosene

Abstract: The synthesis method of producing itaconic acid by catalytic condensation of succinic acid and formalin is unsustainable and expensive because it requires huge chemicals, consumes more energy, and discharges harmful chemicals. Production of this acid by fermentation is a relatively clean and less expensive process. The highest cost factor for the acid is the recovery of acid present in dilute form. Reactive extraction is one of the cleaner and more energy-efficient technologies for the recovery of carboxylic acids from dilute streams. Reactive extraction of itaconic acid from aqueous solution using Aliquat 336 (quaternary amine) as the extractant in various diluents was studied. The study highlighted the effects of ester (ethyl acetate), inert (kerosene), aromatic (toluene), and alkane (hexane) on the degree of solvation/ion exchange of the extractants. A comparison among the different categories of diluents was made. The results were presented in the form of distribution coefficient, loading ratio, and e...

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Abstract: THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

Introduction to rheology

Abstract: Common to liquids, solids and substances in between the former two is that if a stress is applied to them, they will strain. Stress may be visualized by placing a small amount of fluid between two parallel plates. When one plate slides over the other, forces act on the fluid dependent upon the rate of the plate movement. This causes a shear stress on the liquid. Recall laminar flow of fluids through a tubular vessel. Strain is the response to the stress. If solids are elastic, they deform and return to their original shape. Since fluids are not elastic and, hence, viscous, their deformation is irreversible.

Acidic Ionic Liquids.

Abstract: Ionic liquid with acidic properties is an important branch in the wide ionic liquid field and the aim of this article is to cover all aspects of these acidic ionic liquids, especially focusing on the developments in the last four years. The structural diversity and synthesis of acidic ionic liquids are discussed in the introduction sections of this review. In addition, an unambiguous classification system for various types of acidic ionic liquids is presented in the introduction. The physical properties including acidity, thermo-physical properties, ionic conductivity, spectroscopy, and computational studies on acidic ionic liquids are covered in the next sections. The final section provides a comprehensive review on applications of acidic ionic liquids in a wide array of fields including catalysis, CO2 fixation, ionogel, electrolyte, fuel-cell, membrane, biomass processing, biodiesel synthesis, desulfurization of gasoline/diesel, metal processing, and metal electrodeposition.

A review of extractive desulfurization of fuel oils using ionic liquids

Abstract: Hydrodesulfurization (HDS), a widely employed method in industries for the desulfurization of fuel oils, such as gasoline and diesel fuel is faced with the challenge of producing lower-sulfur or sulfur-free fuel oils, which are required by more and more countries. However, HDS is not very effective for the removal of thiophenic sulfur compounds due to sterically-hindered adsorption on the catalyst surface, unless operated under harsh conditions, such as high temperature, high pressure, and requirement of a noble catalyst and hydrogen. Extractive desulfurization (EDS) of fuel oils using ionic liquids (ILs) has been intensively studied in recent decades and has a good future as an alternative or complementary method to HDS. In this review, we reviewed the research results of EDS using ILs and provided comprehensive discussions on diverse factors, which influence desulfurization, such as the IL species, IL–oil mass ratio, initial sulfur content, temperature, time, mutual solubility, multiple extractions and regeneration. Potential problems or shortcomings were also stated. Some other desulfurization methods currently under study, such as extraction, oxidation, adsorption and biodesulfurization were also briefly outlined. It can be inferred that ILs remain a class of ideal solvents to realize clean fuel oil in the near future because of their desirable physiochemical properties, which are lacking in molecular organic solvents, while there are possible challenges, such as relatively high viscosity and low efficiency.