THE only addition to this issue of “Steel and its Heat Treatment” is a chapter on nitriding, contributed by Dr. V. O. Homerberg. In the space of sixteen pages a brief outline is given of the nature and conduct of the nitriding process, of the steels suitable for nitriding, and of their properties after treatment. Otherwise the book remains the same, although eight years have passed since the preparation of the previous edition. There is still, therefore, no reference to the notched-bar impact tests to which British metallurgists rightly attach so much importance, to grain size control (although this originated in America), to the newer types of stainless steels, or to manganese -molybdenum steels.Steel and its Heat TreatmentD. K.BullensBy. Third edition, rewritten and reset. Pp. xiii + 580. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd., 1935.) 25s. net.

Steel and its heat treatment

There have been review on kenaf fibre (KF) production and mechanical properties but lacks review on the treatment and surface modification on kenaf fibre. Therefore, this study is to show the type of treatment that have been done by previous researcher. A lot of methods have been investigated to find the optimum method to obtain better condition and properties for kenaf fibre. The present review describes those applied to kenaf fibre. The most widely used chemical treatment is the alkaline treatment using a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, followed by a silane treatment. Variety of chemical concentration for NaOH solution and silane solution are investigated and a few combined treatments such as alkaline-silane, alkaline-steam, alkaline-radiation and alkaline-bleaching are also discussed. Thus, this paper presents an overview of investigated treatment methods with application to kenaf fibre and what are the effects of chemical treatment to the surface of kenaf fibre and the mechanical properties of the composites developed based on treated kenaf fibre.

Effects of fibre treatment on mechanical properties of kenaf fibre reinforced composites: a review

The aim of this study was to study the microstructure and mechanical properties of individual bamboo fibers after alkali treatment. The individual bamboo fibers were treated by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution with varying concentration (6, 8, 10, 15 and 25%) followed by rinsing and freeze-drying treatments. The alkali treated individual bamboo fibers were subsequently characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, confocal laser scanning microscopy and tensile strength tests. The results indicated that the alkali treatment resulted in more wrinkles and pores on the surface of bamboo fibers. Microfibril aggregates treated by 15 and 25% NaOH solution changed from a randomly interwoven structure to a granular structure. Cellulose I was transformed to cellulose II after 15 and 25% NaOH solution treatment. The alkali treatment reduced the diameter, lumen and cross sectional area of fiber, leading to the cracks in cell wall. The tensile strength and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of individual bamboo fibers decreased with alkali treatment. NaOH concentration almost did not affect the tensile strength but influenced the MOE significantly. The elongation at break of treated individual fiber increased significantly. When compared to untreated individual fibers, the elongation at break of the fiber was increased by 232 and 221% after 15 and 25% NaOH treatments, respectively. Besides, increasing alkali concentration caused the change of the fibers from brittleness to ductility, indicating that alkali treated bamboo fibers have a promising application in textile.

Effect of alkali treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of individual bamboo fibers

Lignocellulosic fiber reinforced composites: Progress, performance, properties, applications, and future perspectives

Plastics in engineering

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A review on the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing: Filament processing, materials, and printing parameters

Epoxy resins thermosetting for mechanical engineering

This paper reports on comprehensive characterization of wettability and interfacial properties of kenaf fibers (KF) and its unsaturated polyester (UPR) composites fabricated by resin transfer molding (RTM). KF were chemically modified by immersing in 6% NaOH concentration for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h to enhance the interaction between KF and UPR. FTIR spectral data showed the chemical changes in KF after treatment which induced the modification of physical and wettability characteristics of KF. The changes in crystalinity index (CrI) and thermal stability of KF content were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry (TGA) techniques, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows a cleaner KF surface upon KF treatment and atomic force microscopy (AFM) signify an increasing in available fiber–matrix specific contact area. Wettability of KF was investigated by means of surface energy measurement using Washburn contact angle principle via Owens–Wendt–Rabel–Kaelble (OWRK) method. Surface energy was found to increase with longer soaking time. The effect of soaking time of alkaline treatment in enhancing the interface bonding characteristic between the KF and UPR matrices can be reflected by the ILSS value of the composites. The highest value of ILSS was recorded by 3 h treated KF composite. POLYM. COMPOS., 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

Wettability and interfacial characterization of alkaline treated kenaf fiber‐unsaturated polyester composites fabricated by resin transfer molding

This paper reports on the comprehensive characterisation of heat treated kenaf fibre (KF) and its composites. The kenaf fibres were modified by heating for 2.5–12.5 h inside a drying oven. Heat treatment produces an increase in the crystallinity index and fibre strength of KF. The highest value of KF strength was recorded by applying heat treatment of 10 h on KF. The heat treatment results in the partial removal of impurities/extractives on the KF surface which is detected by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Atomic force microscopy results signify the decrease of roughness, the increase in peak area density and the increase of the adhesion force on the surface area of heat treated KF. The effect of the heat treatment in enhancing the interface bonding characteristics between the KF and unsaturated polyester matrix can be reflected by the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and dynamic mechanical analysis value of the composites. The flexural properties of the compo...

Interfacial characterisation and mechanical properties of heat treated non-woven kenaf fibre and its reinforced composites

The research aims to investigate the fiber orientation effect on the tensile and impact properties of zalacca midrib fiber /HDPE composites. The composites were produced by compression molding with pressing temperature at 150°C, pressing pressure at 50 bar, and holding time of 25 minutes. The fiber orientations applied in composites were 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°, at 10% fiber volume fraction. The samples were evaluated by using: Tensile test and Izod impact test according to ASTM D638 and ASTM D5941, respectively. The result of experiments indicate that the orientation of zalacca midrib fiber influences the characteristics of HDPE composite-zalacca midrib fiber. The composite mechanical strength decline with the increase of orientation fibers from 0° to 90°. The composite failure mode of composites are observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

Dody Ariawan

Papers

A review on the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing: Filament processing, materials, and printing parameters

Epoxy resins thermosetting for mechanical engineering

Wettability and interfacial characterization of alkaline treated kenaf fiber‐unsaturated polyester composites fabricated by resin transfer molding

Interfacial characterisation and mechanical properties of heat treated non-woven kenaf fibre and its reinforced composites

Effect of fiber orientation on tensile and impact properties of Zalacca Midrib fiber-HDPE composites by compression molding