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Showing papers by "Donald Maxwell Parkin published in 1990"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Comparison of the two groups showed a higher incidence of lung cancer in the intervention group, despite the follow‐up period when both groups received annual examinations, and there was no significant difference in mortality between the 2 groups.
Abstract: Cigarette-smoking males (6,364), aged 40-64, were randomized into an intervention group which received 6-monthly screening by chest X-ray and sputum cytology, and a control group which received no asymptomatic investigation. After 3 years, both groups entered a follow-up period during which they received annual chest X-rays. Lung cancer cases detected by screening were identified at an earlier stage, more often resectable, and had a significantly better survival than "interval" cases diagnosed mainly because of symptoms. Comparison of the 2 groups showed a higher incidence of lung cancer in the intervention group, despite the follow-up period when both groups received annual examinations. There was no significant difference in mortality between the 2 groups.

256 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The International Agency for Research on Cancer has coordinated a worldwide study of childhood cancer incidence, with data from over 50 countries, and it is clear that there is at least a threefold difference in incidence between the age-standardised annual rates in the Black populations in the United States and Nigeria and those in several East Asian populations.
Abstract: The International Agency for Research on Cancer has coordinated a worldwide study of childhood cancer incidence, with data from over 50 countries. We present here the results on renal tumours. Wilms' tumour was the most common malignant kidney tumour in all regions. It is sometimes considered to be an 'index cancer of childhood' but it is clear from the present study that there is at least a threefold difference in incidence between the age-standardised annual rates of over 10 per million in the Black populations in the United States and Nigeria and those of around three per million in several East Asian populations. In White Caucasian populations, Wilms' tumour had an annual incidence of 6-9 per million, accounting for 5-7% of all childhood cancer. It was almost everywhere equally common in boys and girls, but the sex ratio in East Asia was M/F = 1.4:1. Age distributions were similar among White Caucasian and Black populations, with the peak incidence in the second year of life. In East Asia, however, 25-40% of the total incidence occurred in infants aged under 1 year, compared with around 15% in many Western series. Other studies have shown that, in the United States, Wilms' tumour has a lower incidence among Asian children than among Whites or Blacks and tends to occur at a younger age. The variation in patterns of incidence of Wilms' tumour along ethnic rather than geographical lines suggests that genetic predisposition is important in its aetiology. Renal carcinoma in childhood is rare throughout the world, with little sign of international variation. It accounted for a higher proportion of childhood renal tumours in East Asia but this was attributable to the lower incidence of Wilms' tumour in that region.

144 citations


Book
27 Dec 1990
TL;DR: The publication depicts the data published in Volume V in a graphic format, which allows a more easy appreciation of the range and pattern of incidence internationally, and highlights the interesting variations for the different cancer sites.
Abstract: The "Cancer Incidence in Five Continents" series presents data on cancer incidence in a standardized format for every area in the world from which it is possible to obtain reliable figures. Volume V, published in 1987, included data from population-based cancer registries covering 137 populations in 36 countries. The publication depicts the data published in Volume V in a graphic format. This form of presentation allows a more easy appreciation of the range and pattern of incidence internationally, and highlights the interesting variations for the different cancer sites. Histograms of the world standardized rates illustrate the range in incidence for 40 geographically representative populations by cancer site and by sex, with the addition of bars showing the highest and lowest rates for each site among all the populations included in Volume V. Pie charts show the proportions of the top ten cancer sites within each of the 137 populations in Volume V. A series of graphs for 24 populations show the different pattern of incidence by age for 47 cancer sites.

137 citations


Book
22 Mar 1990
TL;DR: Yeah, one that the authors will refer to break the boredom in reading is choosing cancer incidence in jewish migrants to israel 1961 1981 as the reading material.
Abstract: Introducing a new hobby for other people may inspire them to join with you. Reading, as one of mutual hobby, is considered as the very easy hobby to do. But, many people are not interested in this hobby. Why? Boring is the reason of why. However, this feel actually can deal with the book and time of you reading. Yeah, one that we will refer to break the boredom in reading is choosing cancer incidence in jewish migrants to israel 1961 1981 as the reading material.

68 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The International Agency for Research on Cancer has coordinated a worldwide study of childhood cancer incidence, with data provided by contributors from over 50 countries, and a third of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas may be Burkitt's.
Abstract: Summary. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has coordinated a worldwide study of childhood cancer incidence, with data provided by contributors from over 50 countries. We present here the results on lymphomas from this study and other sources. Hodgkin's disease had a relatively high incidence in North Africa and West Asia and a low incidence throughout East Asia. In populations of predominantly European origin, the highest rates tended to be in warmer countries of lower latitude. In industrialised Western countries, the incidence increased steeply with age and was low in childhood compared with that in young adults whereas elsewhere the increase in incidence between childhood and adults aged 20–34 was much less marked. The age-distribution of Hodgkin's disease in childhood appears to be related to levels of socio-economic development but the total incidence seems to be determined more by ethnic and environmental factors. The highest incidence of Burkitt's lymphoma occurred in tropical Africa and Papua New Guinea. Elsewhere, Burkitt's lymphoma was rare, though the incidence was higher in Spain, North Africa and the Middle East than in other areas. In most Western countries, a third of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas may be Burkitt's. There was no consistent pattern in the incidence of other non-Hodgkin lymphomas except for a tendency towards higher rates around the Mediterranean and in some Latin American registries.

62 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The potential importance of environmental agents in aetiology for different migrant groups is discussed in relation to the size and rapidity of changes in risk related to the duration of residence in Israel.
Abstract: Data on the incidence of 15 cancers in the Jewish population of Israel from the period 1961-1981 have been studied with emphasis on the risk of disease in relation to birthplace, calendar time, and duration of residence in Israel. The results show wide variations in incidence by birthplace, from less than 2-fold for pancreatic cancer to a 40-fold difference for oesophageal cancer in females; the reasons for these are often little understood. The potential importance of environmental agents in aetiology for different migrant groups is discussed in relation to the size and rapidity of changes in risk related to the duration of residence in Israel.

48 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The incidence of stomach cancer is the highest recorded in Africa, while rates for lung cancer, although low, exceed those in earlier series from registries in the region.
Abstract: Results from the population cancer registry in Bamako, Mali, for the years 1987 and 1988, are presented. The age-standardized incidence for all cancers is high compared with rates reported elsewhere in West Africa (119.6 per 10(5) in males and 88.3 per 10(5) in females), but the leading cancers in each sex are the same (liver cancer in males, cervix cancer in females). The incidence of stomach cancer is the highest recorded in Africa, while rates for lung cancer, although low, exceed those in earlier series from registries in the region.

39 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Methods which permit the effect of duration of residence in the host country to be estimated after adjusting for other temporal effects such as age, and period or cohort are described.
Abstract: Epidemiological studies of migrants have played an important role in separating the environmental and genetic components of cancer aetiology. The statistical analyses of these studies have typically involved calculating age- and sex-adjusted rates by country of birth. We describe methods which permit the effect of duration of residence in the host country to be estimated after adjusting for other temporal effects such as age, and period or cohort. The methods, which are based on log-linear modelling, can also be applied in a case-control manner if appropriate denominator populations are unavailable. Examples are given in which the more traditional methods of analysis may have yielded misleading results.

23 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that, although some of these variations within Argentina may be related to ethnic differences and patterns of migration from neighbouring countries, for the majority the explanations must lie in different exposures to environmental of lifestyle factors, such as diet.
Abstract: Mortality rates in 1980, for the major cancer sites, are presented for Argentina as a whole, and for the 22 provinces, the capital city, and the southern territories. In comparison with other countries, national mortality rates are high for oesophageal cancer and cancer of the larynx, and moderately elevated for cancers of the lung, colon, breast, and bladder in males. The rates of tobacco-related cancers (lung, bladder and larynx) were much higher in males than females, and in males showed similar geographical patterns. In females, breast cancer rates by province showed a positive correlation with those for cancer of the colon, and a negative correlation with cervical cancer. There were marked geographical variations, quite different in the two sexes, in the mortality from oesophageal cancer. It is suggested that, although some of these variations within Argentina may be related to ethnic differences and patterns of migration from neighbouring countries, for the majority the explanations must lie in different exposures to environmental of lifestyle factors, such as diet.

20 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that migrants to Uruguay undergo changes in some important environmental exposures, probably dietary, which give rise to substantial alterations in cancer risk within their lifespan.
Abstract: Mortality rates from different cancers in the principal groups of migrants to Uruguay are compared with those in their countries of origin (Argentina, Brazil, Italy and Spain) and in the Uruguay-born population. Oesophageal cancer is very common in Uruguay and European-born populations, initially at low risk, appear to acquire rather higher rates after migration. For most migrants, the mortality from cancers of the breast, colon-rectum, corpus uteri and prostate is closer to the moderately elevated rates of Uruguay than those in their countries of origin. The results suggest that migrants to Uruguay undergo changes in some important environmental exposures, probably dietary, which give rise to substantial alterations in cancer risk within their lifespan.

14 citations



Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: The worldwide cancer burden and the principal known causative factors are described, the potential for cancer prevention is discussed, and the mode of action of carcinogenic agents is discussed.
Abstract: Cancer is a major source of morbidity and mortality in developed countries, and both are rapidly increasing in developing countries, so that prevention and control have a high priority in public health. Time trends and worldwide incidence and mortality figures provide clues to the multiple causative factors involved in human cancers. Such data are supplemented by observations on changes in risk of cancer in migrant populations who in time acquire the cancer pattern of the host country. Ad hoc epidemiological studies and analysis of data obtained under controlled conditions in animal models have defined specific carcinogenic factors. Considerable progress has been made during the last decade in the understanding of the mechanisms of cancer and the mode of action of carcinogenic agents, including, recently, the biological processes triggering uncontrolled division of cells. In this review we describe briefly the worldwide cancer burden and the principal known causative factors, and discuss the potential for cancer prevention.