Author
Donald Maxwell Parkin
Other affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles, Queen Mary University of London, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College ...read more
Bio: Donald Maxwell Parkin is an academic researcher from University of Oxford. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Cancer. The author has an hindex of 87, co-authored 259 publications receiving 71469 citations. Previous affiliations of Donald Maxwell Parkin include University of California, Los Angeles & Queen Mary University of London.
Papers published on a yearly basis
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TL;DR: In this paper, age-specific data from six cancer registries (three in Asia, three in Latin America) and national mortality datasets from Central and South America (three), the Caribbean (two), Asia (two) and Mauritius (two).
Abstract: The developing countries are represented by incidence and mortality datasets from 16 populations. Trends are studied using age specific data from six cancer registries (three in Asia, three in Latin America) and national mortality datasets from Central and South America (three), the Caribbean (two), Asia (two) and Mauritius. In Africa, three cancer registries (in Nigeria, Uganda and Zimbabwe) provide time series of 15 years or more. Systematic examination of time trends is confined to five major sites (stomach, lung, breast, cervix uteri and colon-rectum), with a comment on observed trends in the other important cancers of developing countries (mouth/pharynx, oesophagus and liver). Although uniformity is not to be expected in such diverse material, some overall patterns emerge. Stomach cancer, as in the developed world, appears to be declining in importance. Lung cancer rates are rising, although in males, the increases are most marked in the elderly, with more recent birth cohorts in several populations showing a decline in risk. Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates are rising in most populations, with changes usually more marked in younger women. Conversely, cervix cancer, at present the most common cancer of women in developing countries, shows declines in incidence and mortality in the majority of populations studied, although Africa is clearly an exception. Cancer of the large bowel is becoming more frequent, although there are exceptions (eg Bombay, Mauritius and Trinidad). In the highest risk population (Uruguay), mortality seems to have peaked around 1965 and has since declined.
161 citations
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TL;DR: Cancer control in Zimbabwe, as elsewhere in sub‐Saharan Africa, involves meeting the challenge of emerging cancers associated with westernization of lifestyles (large bowel, breast and prostate), while the incidence of cancersassociated with poverty and infection shows little decline, and the residual burden of the AIDS‐associated cancers remains significant.
Abstract: Incidence rates of different cancers have been calculated for the black population of Harare, Zimbabwe for a 20-year period (1991–2010) coinciding with continuing social and lifestyle changes, and the peak, and subsequent wane, of the HIV-AIDS epidemic. The overall risk of cancer increased during the period in both sexes, with rates of cervix and prostate cancers showing particularly dramatic increases (3.3% and 6.4% annually, respectively). By 2004, prostate cancer had become the most common cancer of men. The incidence of cancer of the esophagus, formerly the most common cancer of men, has remained relatively constant, whereas rates of breast and cervix cancers, the most common malignancies of women, have shown significant increases (4.9% and 3.3% annually, respectively). The incidence of Kaposi sarcoma increased to a maximum around 1998–2000 and then declined in all age groups, and in both sexes The incidence of squamous cell cancers of the conjunctiva is relatively high, with temporal trends similar to those of Kaposi sarcoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the fifth most common cancer of men and fourth of women, showed a steady increase in incidence throughout the period (6.7–6.9% annually), although rates in young adults (15–39) have decreased since 2001. Cancer control in Zimbabwe, as elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa, involves meeting the challenge of emerging cancers associated with westernization of lifestyles (large bowel, breast and prostate), while the incidence of cancers associated with poverty and infection (liver, cervix and esophagus) shows little decline, and the residual burden of the AIDS-associated cancers remains significant.
159 citations
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TL;DR: The most significant change in rates is the striking increase in the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma in both men and women, compatible with the evolution of the AIDS epidemic in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Abstract: The data of the population-based cancer registry in Harare, Zimbabwe, for 1993–1995 are presented and compared with those from 1990–1992. The most significant change in rates is the striking increase in the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in both men and women, compatible with the evolution of the AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. The incidence of KS doubled in both sexes and now accounts for 31.1% of registered cancers. It has overtaken breast cancer to become the second most common tumour in African women, after cervical cancer, and is now one of the leading childhood tumours, accounting for 10.3% of cancers recorded in children (ages 0–14). With the exception of KS, the incidence and pattern of occurrence of the other malignant neoplasms changed little during the observed 6 years. Int. J. Cancer 85:54–59, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
157 citations
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TL;DR: In the past, there has been a surprising lack of attention to analytical methods for migrant data, and the epidemiological methods available to best bring out the relevant differences in risk are reviewed.
157 citations
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TL;DR: The AIDS epidemic has dramatically changed the profile of cancer in Uganda, and trends in the AIDS-related cancers are consistent with current knowledge concerning the mechanisms behind the increased risk.
Abstract: The AIDS epidemic has passed its peak in Uganda with possible consequences for the risk of cancers related to infectious agents. The objective was to compare the incidence of cancers possibly linked to infections with HIV before the AIDS epidemic (the 1960s) at its high point (the early 1990s) when HIV- seroprevalence and AIDS notifications peaked and after the onset of its decline in the later 1990s. Analysis of incidence rates of infection-associated cancers in the population of Kyadondo county in 1960-71 1991-94 and 1995-97. Comparison with data on prevalence of HIV infection and notifications of AIDS. The incidence of Kaposis sarcoma has increased enormously since the 1960s with a shift to earlier age at onset and more generalized and nodal disease; there has been little change in the profile during the 1990s. There was a large increase in incidence of squamous cell carcinomas of the conjunctiva which has continued through the 1990s. Non-Hodgkins lymphomas showed little increase in incidence until the most recent period in which the incidence has increased both in children (particularly Burkitts lymphomas) and adults. Although the incidence of cervical cancer was higher in the 1990s than the 1960s it seems doubtful that this is related to HIV infection. Certain other cancers which have been linked to AIDS in western populations (Hodgkins disease anal carcinoma childhood leiomyosarcoma) show no changes in risk. The AIDS epidemic has dramatically changed the profile of cancer in Uganda. Trends in the AIDS-related cancers are consistent with current knowledge concerning the mechanisms behind the increased risk. The incidence of certain cancers with a viral etiology (liver cervix penis Hodgkins disease) appears not to have been influenced by AIDS. (authors)
155 citations
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TL;DR: A status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions.
Abstract: This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions There will be an estimated 181 million new cancer cases (170 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 96 million cancer deaths (95 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018 In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (116% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (184% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (116%), prostate cancer (71%), and colorectal cancer (61%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (92%), stomach cancer (82%), and liver cancer (82%) for mortality Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality) Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31 © 2018 American Cancer Society
58,675 citations
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TL;DR: A substantial proportion of the worldwide burden of cancer could be prevented through the application of existing cancer control knowledge and by implementing programs for tobacco control, vaccination, and early detection and treatment, as well as public health campaigns promoting physical activity and a healthier dietary intake.
Abstract: The global burden of cancer continues to increase largely because of the aging and growth of the world population alongside an increasing adoption of cancer-causing behaviors, particularly smoking, in economically developing countries. Based on the GLOBOCAN 2008 estimates, about 12.7 million cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths are estimated to have occurred in 2008; of these, 56% of the cases and 64% of the deaths occurred in the economically developing world. Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among females, accounting for 23% of the total cancer cases and 14% of the cancer deaths. Lung cancer is the leading cancer site in males, comprising 17% of the total new cancer cases and 23% of the total cancer deaths. Breast cancer is now also the leading cause of cancer death among females in economically developing countries, a shift from the previous decade during which the most common cause of cancer death was cervical cancer. Further, the mortality burden for lung cancer among females in developing countries is as high as the burden for cervical cancer, with each accounting for 11% of the total female cancer deaths. Although overall cancer incidence rates in the developing world are half those seen in the developed world in both sexes, the overall cancer mortality rates are generally similar. Cancer survival tends to be poorer in developing countries, most likely because of a combination of a late stage at diagnosis and limited access to timely and standard treatment. A substantial proportion of the worldwide burden of cancer could be prevented through the application of existing cancer control knowledge and by implementing programs for tobacco control, vaccination (for liver and cervical cancers), and early detection and treatment, as well as public health campaigns promoting physical activity and a healthier dietary intake. Clinicians, public health professionals, and policy makers can play an active role in accelerating the application of such interventions globally.
52,293 citations
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TL;DR: The GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as mentioned in this paper show that female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung cancer, colorectal (11 4.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%) and female breast (6.9%), and cervical cancer (5.6%) cancers.
Abstract: This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.
35,190 citations
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TL;DR: The GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as mentioned in this paper provides estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 27 major cancers and for all cancers combined for 2012.
Abstract: Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 27 major cancers and for all cancers combined for 2012 are now available in the GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We review the sources and methods used in compiling the national cancer incidence and mortality estimates, and briefly describe the key results by cancer site and in 20 large “areas” of the world. Overall, there were 14.1 million new cases and 8.2 million deaths in 2012. The most commonly diagnosed cancers were lung (1.82 million), breast (1.67 million), and colorectal (1.36 million); the most common causes of cancer death were lung cancer (1.6 million deaths), liver cancer (745,000 deaths), and stomach cancer (723,000 deaths).
24,414 citations
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TL;DR: A substantial portion of cancer cases and deaths could be prevented by broadly applying effective prevention measures, such as tobacco control, vaccination, and the use of early detection tests.
Abstract: Cancer constitutes an enormous burden on society in more and less economically developed countries alike. The occurrence of cancer is increasing because of the growth and aging of the population, as well as an increasing prevalence of established risk factors such as smoking, overweight, physical inactivity, and changing reproductive patterns associated with urbanization and economic development. Based on GLOBOCAN estimates, about 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million deaths occurred in 2012 worldwide. Over the years, the burden has shifted to less developed countries, which currently account for about 57% of cases and 65% of cancer deaths worldwide. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among males in both more and less developed countries, and has surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death among females in more developed countries; breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death among females in less developed countries. Other leading causes of cancer death in more developed countries include colorectal cancer among males and females and prostate cancer among males. In less developed countries, liver and stomach cancer among males and cervical cancer among females are also leading causes of cancer death. Although incidence rates for all cancers combined are nearly twice as high in more developed than in less developed countries in both males and females, mortality rates are only 8% to 15% higher in more developed countries. This disparity reflects regional differences in the mix of cancers, which is affected by risk factors and detection practices, and/or the availability of treatment. Risk factors associated with the leading causes of cancer death include tobacco use (lung, colorectal, stomach, and liver cancer), overweight/obesity and physical inactivity (breast and colorectal cancer), and infection (liver, stomach, and cervical cancer). A substantial portion of cancer cases and deaths could be prevented by broadly applying effective prevention measures, such as tobacco control, vaccination, and the use of early detection tests.
23,203 citations