Donald Maxwell Parkin

Bio: Donald Maxwell Parkin is an academic researcher from University of Oxford. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Cancer. The author has an hindex of 87, co-authored 259 publications receiving 71469 citations. Previous affiliations of Donald Maxwell Parkin include University of California, Los Angeles & Queen Mary University of London.

Cancer mortality among Chinese and South-East Asian migrants in France.

Abstract: The cancer risk in migrants from China and South-east Asia (Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia) resident in France has been compared to that observed in the local-born population, using mortality data from the period 1979-1985 and population data from the 1982 French census. Risks were adjusted for important confounding factors such as social standing and area of residence. Compared to local-born, South-east Asian migrants of one sex or of both sexes combined have higher risks of cancer of the nasopharynx, stomach, liver, gallbladder, lung (in females only), and cervix. On the other hand, South-east Asian migrants have lower risks of cancer of the oral cavity, other pharynx, colon, rectum, larynx, lung (among males only), bladder, nervous system, breast and prostate. Within this group, the risks are quite similar for Vietnamese, Laotians and Cambodians. Results for Chinese-born migrants are quite similar, for most sites, to those found among South-east Asian migrants, although, because of smaller numbers, few of the estimates are statistically significant. These results are consistent with other studies on Chinese migrants around the world, and with the 3 other previous studies on Vietnamese migrants, in England and Wales, Los Angeles and Australia.

Leads to cancer control based on cancer patterns in a rural population in South India.

Abstract: Objective: Cancer patterns and incidence rates for a rural population (359,674) resident in 384 villages spread over 2058 km2 in Palani and Oddanchathram taluks of Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, in South India, are described in this paper. Methods: A population-based cancer registry was established in 1995 to register incident invasive and in-situ cancers. Cases were found and details abstracted by cancer registry staff visiting 26 data sources, comprising cancer hospitals, tertiary and secondary care hospitals, pathology laboratories and death registration offices. A customized version of CANREG-3 software was used for data entry and analysis. Results: During the period 1996-1998, 783 invasive cancers (310 male and 473 females) were registered, yielding an all-cancer crude incidence rate of 56.8/100,000 males and 88.5/100,000 females; the corresponding age standardized incidence rates (ASR) were 83.3 and 122.3 respectively. In males, mouth cancer (ASR 11.5) was the most frequently recorded malignancy followed by tongue (ASR 8.6), hypopharynx (ASR 7.8), esophagus (ASR 7.8) and larynx (ASR 7.8). Thus head and neck cancers accounted for half of the male cases. In females, cervical cancer (ASR 65.4) accounted for more than half of the cancers followed by breast (ASR 14.2) and mouth (ASR 10.2). Ambillikai Cancer Registry (ACR) reports the second highest incidence of cervical cancer in the world. More than four-fifths of cervical cancer cases were diagnosed in stages II B and III B; a third of these cancer patients either did not have, or did not complete, treatment. Conclusions: The observed cancer patterns in this population establish that measures directed at prevention and early detection (linked with treatment) of cervix and head and neck cancers are of paramount importance for cancer control in this and other rural populations of India where three-fourths of the total population live.

Patterns of cigarette sales and lung cancer mortality in some central and eastern European countries, 1960‐1989

Abstract: Background. Remarkable increases in lung cancer risk recently have been observed in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) area. This study examines the patterns of lung cancer mortality rates and cigarette sales in 1960-1989 in seven CEE countries with a total population of 97.5 million and 43,000 deaths from lung cancer in the last year under study. Methods. Trends in cigarette sales and mortality rates from lung cancer in seven CEE countries were compared for the years 1960-1989. Results. Among males, recent lung cancer death rates were the highest in Europe, and trends by country largely reflected the varied prevalence and duration of smoking in previous decades. For females, lung cancer mortality rates were much lower, although there were exponential rate increases. In the more recent birth cohorts, there were some declines in mortality rates among males, but not among females. Conclusions. The rising cigarette consumption through the 1960s, 1970s, and, in some countries, the 1980s is accompanied in most of the countries by rising lung cancer mortality rates for young adults. This increasing cigarette consumption will determine future trends in lung cancer, which will increase well beyond the turn of the century and will continue longer for females than for males. This outlook underlines the urgent need for comprehensive lung cancer prevention with the concerted control of smoking as a priority. The role of cofactors and their interaction with smoking deserve further exploration. Cancer 1995 ; 75 :2452-60.

Cancer mortality among sub-Saharan African migrants in France.

Abstract: Not only are there few data on sub-Saharan migrant populations, but relatively little information is available on cancer patterns in Africa. This report presents cancer mortality patterns among the 290,000 sub-Saharan African migrants in France. Risks of mortality from different cancers in migrants born in West, Central, East, and ‘Other’ parts of Africa have been compared with that observed in the local-born population, using mortality data from the period 1979–85 and population data from the 1982 French census. Relative risks were adjusted for important confounding factors such as social class and area of residence. Compared with natives, overall mortality from cancer is lower in sub-Saharan African migrants. Higher cancer mortality risks, however, are observed among males for several sites: liver in Central and West Africans; bladder in West Africans; and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Other African migrants. For females, risks were elevated for nasopharyngeal cancers in Other African and liver in West African migrants. The results are, for the most part, consistent with the few available data on cancer patterns in Africa, and with the patterns observed in African migrants to England and Wales (UK).

Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

Abstract: This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions There will be an estimated 181 million new cancer cases (170 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 96 million cancer deaths (95 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018 In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (116% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (184% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (116%), prostate cancer (71%), and colorectal cancer (61%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (92%), stomach cancer (82%), and liver cancer (82%) for mortality Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality) Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31 © 2018 American Cancer Society

Global cancer statistics

Abstract: The global burden of cancer continues to increase largely because of the aging and growth of the world population alongside an increasing adoption of cancer-causing behaviors, particularly smoking, in economically developing countries. Based on the GLOBOCAN 2008 estimates, about 12.7 million cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths are estimated to have occurred in 2008; of these, 56% of the cases and 64% of the deaths occurred in the economically developing world. Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among females, accounting for 23% of the total cancer cases and 14% of the cancer deaths. Lung cancer is the leading cancer site in males, comprising 17% of the total new cancer cases and 23% of the total cancer deaths. Breast cancer is now also the leading cause of cancer death among females in economically developing countries, a shift from the previous decade during which the most common cause of cancer death was cervical cancer. Further, the mortality burden for lung cancer among females in developing countries is as high as the burden for cervical cancer, with each accounting for 11% of the total female cancer deaths. Although overall cancer incidence rates in the developing world are half those seen in the developed world in both sexes, the overall cancer mortality rates are generally similar. Cancer survival tends to be poorer in developing countries, most likely because of a combination of a late stage at diagnosis and limited access to timely and standard treatment. A substantial proportion of the worldwide burden of cancer could be prevented through the application of existing cancer control knowledge and by implementing programs for tobacco control, vaccination (for liver and cervical cancers), and early detection and treatment, as well as public health campaigns promoting physical activity and a healthier dietary intake. Clinicians, public health professionals, and policy makers can play an active role in accelerating the application of such interventions globally.

Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries.

Abstract: This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.

Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012.

Abstract: Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 27 major cancers and for all cancers combined for 2012 are now available in the GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We review the sources and methods used in compiling the national cancer incidence and mortality estimates, and briefly describe the key results by cancer site and in 20 large “areas” of the world. Overall, there were 14.1 million new cases and 8.2 million deaths in 2012. The most commonly diagnosed cancers were lung (1.82 million), breast (1.67 million), and colorectal (1.36 million); the most common causes of cancer death were lung cancer (1.6 million deaths), liver cancer (745,000 deaths), and stomach cancer (723,000 deaths).

Global cancer statistics, 2012

Abstract: Cancer constitutes an enormous burden on society in more and less economically developed countries alike. The occurrence of cancer is increasing because of the growth and aging of the population, as well as an increasing prevalence of established risk factors such as smoking, overweight, physical inactivity, and changing reproductive patterns associated with urbanization and economic development. Based on GLOBOCAN estimates, about 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million deaths occurred in 2012 worldwide. Over the years, the burden has shifted to less developed countries, which currently account for about 57% of cases and 65% of cancer deaths worldwide. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among males in both more and less developed countries, and has surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death among females in more developed countries; breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death among females in less developed countries. Other leading causes of cancer death in more developed countries include colorectal cancer among males and females and prostate cancer among males. In less developed countries, liver and stomach cancer among males and cervical cancer among females are also leading causes of cancer death. Although incidence rates for all cancers combined are nearly twice as high in more developed than in less developed countries in both males and females, mortality rates are only 8% to 15% higher in more developed countries. This disparity reflects regional differences in the mix of cancers, which is affected by risk factors and detection practices, and/or the availability of treatment. Risk factors associated with the leading causes of cancer death include tobacco use (lung, colorectal, stomach, and liver cancer), overweight/obesity and physical inactivity (breast and colorectal cancer), and infection (liver, stomach, and cervical cancer). A substantial portion of cancer cases and deaths could be prevented by broadly applying effective prevention measures, such as tobacco control, vaccination, and the use of early detection tests.