Domestic politics and international relations are often inextricably entangled, but existing theories (particularly “state-centric” theories) do not adequately account for these linkages. When national leaders must win ratification (formal or informal) from their constituents for an international agreement, their negotiating behavior reflects the simultaneous imperatives of both a domestic political game and an international game. Using illustrations from Western economic summitry, the Panama Canal and Versailles Treaty negotiations, IMF stabilization programs, the European Community, and many other diplomatic contexts, this article offers a theory of ratification. It addresses the role of domestic preferences and coalitions, domestic political institutions and practices, the strategies and tactics of negotiators, uncertainty, the domestic reverberation of international pressures, and the interests of the chief negotiator. This theory of “two-level games” may also be applicable to many other political phenomena, such as dependency, legislative committees, and multiparty coalitions.

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Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games

Distinguishing four sources of power in human societies – ideological, economic, military and political – The Sources of Social Power traces their interrelations throughout human history In this first volume, Michael Mann examines interrelations between these elements from neolithic times, through ancient Near Eastern civilizations, the classical Mediterranean age and medieval Europe, up to just before the Industrial Revolution in England It offers explanations of the emergence of the state and social stratification; of city-states, militaristic empires and the persistent interaction between them; of the world salvation religions; and of the particular dynamism of medieval and early modern Europe It ends by generalizing about the nature of overall social development, the varying forms of social cohesion and the role of classes and class struggle in history First published in 1986, this new edition of Volume 1 includes a new preface by the author examining the impact and legacy of the work

The sources of social power

Part I. Introduction: Developing a Regional Approach to Global Security: 1. Theories and histories about the structure of contemporary international security 2. Levels: distinguishing the regional from the global 3. Security complexes: a theory of regional security Part II. Asia: 4. South Asia: inching towards internal and external transformation 5. Northeast and southeast Asian security complexes during the Cold War 6. The 1990s and beyond: an emergent east Asian complex Conclusion Part III. The Middle East and Africa: Introduction 7. The Middle East: a perennial conflict formation 8. Sub-saharan Africa: security dynamics in a setting of weak and failed states Conclusions Part IV. The Americas: 9. North America: the sole superpower and its surroundings 10. South America: an under-conflictual anomaly? Conclusion: scenarios for the RSCs of the Americas Part V. The Europes: Introduction: 11. EU-Europe: the European Union and its 'near abroad' 12. The Balkans and Turkey 13. The post-Soviet space: a regional security complex around Russia Conclusion: scenarios for the European supercomplex Part VI. Conclusions: 14. Regions and powers: summing up and looking ahead 15. Reflections on conceptualising international security.

http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/3437/1/75.pdf

Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security

We analyse an economy where managers engage both in the adoption of technologies from the world frontier and in innovation activities The selection of high-skill managers is more important for innovation activities As the economy approaches the technology frontier, selection becomes more important As a result, countries at early stages of development pursue an investment-based strategy, with long-term relationships, high average size and age of firms, large average investments, but little selection Closer to the world technology frontier, there is a switch to an innovation-based strategy with short-term relationships, younger firms, less investment and better selection of managers We show that relatively backward economies may switch out of the investment-based strategy too soon, so certain economic institutions and policies, such as limits on product market competition or investment subsidies, which encourage the investment-based strategy may be beneficial Societies that cannot switch out of the investment-based strategy, however, fail to converge to the world technology frontier Non-convergence traps are more likely when policies and institutions are endogenized, enabling beneficiaries of existing policies to bribe politicians to maintain these policies

Distance to Frontier, Selection, and Economic Growth

We analyze an economy where firms undertake both innovation and adoption of technologies from the world technology frontier. The selection of high-skill managers and firms is more important for innovation than for adoption. As the economy approaches the frontier, selection becomes more important. Countries at early stages of development pursue an investment-based strategy, which relies on existing firms and managers to maximize investment but sacrifices selection. Closer to the world technology frontier, economies switch to an innovation-based strategy with short-term relationships, younger firms, less investment, and better selection of firms and managers. We show that relatively backward economies may switch out of the investment-based strategy too soon, so certain policies such as limits on product market competition or investment subsidies, which encourage the investment-based strategy, may be beneficial. However, these policies may have significant long-run costs because they make it more likely that a society will be trapped in the investment-based strategy and fail to converge to the world technology frontier. (JEL: O31, O33, O38, O40, L16)

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Between Friendship and Rivalry: China and America in the 21st Century

The Dynamics of Korean Economic Development

The National Committee on American Foreign Policy (NCAFP) met in New York with a group of People’s Republic of China (PRC) officials and scholars led by Vice Minister Sun Yafu of the PRC’s Taiwan Affairs Office to discuss recent developments in U.S.–China relations as well as the current situation in relations between China and Taiwan. The meeting was part of an ongoing NCAFP dialogue with the Taiwan Affairs Office that meets semi-annually, once in New York and once in Beijing. A list of participants can be found in the Appendix. The NCAFP meeting took place at an important point in U.S.–PRC relations. 2010 was a particularly bad year for U.S.–China relations, but there was a clear effort by both sides to reset the relationship in 2011. President Hu and President Obama met for a summit meeting in January 2011 and hundreds of officials from both sides met for the third Strategic and Economic Dialogue in Washington, DC in May 2011. The following report is divided into several sections: Introduction; Is the year 2011 a Positive Turning Point in U.S.–China Relations?; Developments in China–Taiwan Relations on the Eve of the 2012 Taiwan Presidential elections; and a Conclusion. This is not a consensus document. The observations are those of the author. Moreover, in this report, the author is drawing on his impressions not only from this meeting but from a number of recent Track II meetings with American and Chinese colleagues, as well as meetings with colleagues from Taiwan, Japan and the Republic of Korea. Therefore, this does not purport to be a detailed account of the May session but rather an attempt to distill its main themes and its recent context. Finally, the author wishes to express his gratitude to all the American, Chinese, and other colleagues who assembled for these meetings and shared with each other their insights. Donald S. Zagoria is senior vice president and project director of the NCAFP’s Forum on Asia-Pacific Security. He earned his Ph.D. at Columbia University and is actively involved with the Asia Society and the Council on Foreign Relations. American Foreign Policy Interests, 33:168–177, 2011 Copyright # 2011 NCAFP ISSN: 1080-3920 print=1533-2128 online DOI: 10.1080/10803920.2011.605717

Donald S. Zagoria

Papers

Between Friendship and Rivalry: China and America in the 21st Century

The Dynamics of Korean Economic Development

U.S.–China and Cross-Strait Relations: How Stable? A Conference with the PRC Taiwan Affairs Office on U.S.–China and Cross-Strait Relations

The Future of Sino-Soviet Relations

The Internal Situation in the Philippines