Published version of the final report of the Health Systems Knowledge Network submitted to WHO in June 2007.

http://hiaconnect.edu.au/old/files/Challenging_Inequity_Through_Health_Systems.pdf

Challenging inequity through health systems

This book began in 2003 during the initial formulations of China's 11th five-year plan, which covers the period 2006-10. During the entire period, the rural health Analytic and Advisory Activities (AAA) team analyzed the sector and debated reform options with government officials and scholars. It is helped the government in its extensive reform efforts over the past few years. The publication can serve two important functions: to provide an analytical framework for thinking about what happened in China's rural health system and why, and to present a global perspective on the options for further strengthening the sector. China is well on its way to achieving a modern, equitable, and well-functioning rural health sector, but this is not an easy task for any country. This book can provide a useful reference for policy makers in the next phase of health reform and beyond.

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/2646/490490PUB0Chin101Official0Use0Only1.pdf;sequence=1

Reforming China's Rural Health System

Viral Infections of Humans. Epidemiology and Control

Health-system strengthening and tuberculosis control

Last year Lancet published a series of articles on Mexico's 2004 health system reform. This article reviews the reform and its presentation in the Lancet series. The author sees the 2004 reform as a continuation of those initiated in 1995 at the largest public social security institute and in 1996 at the Ministry of Health, following the same conceptual design: "managed competition". The cornerstone of the 2004 reform-the voluntary Popular Health Insurance (PHI)--will not resolve the problems of the public health care system. The author assesses the robustness and validity of the evidence on which the 2004 reform is based, noting some inconsistencies and methodological errors in the data analysis and in the construction of the "effective coverage" index. Finally, some predictions about the future of PHI are outlined, given its intrinsic weaknesses. The next two or three years are critical for the viability of PHI: both families and states will face increasing difficulties in paying the insurance premium; health infrastructure and staff are insufficient to guarantee the health package services; and the private service contracting will further strain state health ministries' ability to strengthen service supply. Moreover, redistribution of federal health expenditure favoring PHI at the cost of the Social Security Institute will further endanger public health care delivery.

Health System Reform in Mexico: A Critical Review

Law 100 introduced the Health Sector Reform in Colombia, a model of managed competition. This article addresses the effects of this model in terms of output and outcomes of TB control. Trends in main TB control indicators were analysed using secondary data sources, and 25 interviews were done with key informants from public and private insurers and provider institutions, and from the health directorate level. We found a deterioration in the performance of TB control: a decreasing number of BCG vaccine doses applied, a reduction in case finding and contacts identification, low cure rates and an increasing loss of follow up, which mainly affects poor people. Fragmentation occurred as the atomization and discontinuity of the technical processes took place, there was a lack of coordination, as well as a breakdown between individual and collective interventions, and the health information system began to disintegrate. The introduction of the Managed Competition (MC) in Colombia appeared to have adverse effects on TB control due to the dominance of the economic rationality in the health system and the weak state stewardship. Our recommendations are to restructure the reform's public health component, strengthen the technical capacity in public health of the state, mainly at the local and departmental levels, and to improve the health information system by reorienting its objectives to public health goals. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Tuberculosis control and managed competition in Colombia.

An exploration in Symbolic Computational bio-surveillance is showed. The main obtained results are that the geometry of the habitat determines the critical parameters via the zeroes of the Bessel functions and the explicit forms of the static and non-static spatial epidemic patterns.

Spatial epidemic patterns recognition using computer algebra

The Tutte polynomial and the Aharonov-Arab-Ebal-Landau algorithm are applied to Social Network Analysis (SNA) for Epidemiology, Biosurveillance and Biosecurity. We use the methods of Algebraic Computational SNA and of Topological Quantum Computation. The Tutte polynomial is used to describe both the evolution of a social network as the reduced network when some nodes are deleted in an original network and the basic reproductive number for a spatial model with bi-networks, borders and memories. We obtain explicit equations that relate evaluations of the Tutte polynomial with epidemiological parameters such as infectiousness, diffusivity and percolation. We claim, finally, that future topological quantum computers will be very important tools in Epidemiology and that the representation of social networks as ribbon graphs will permit the full application of the Bollobas-Riordan-Tutte polynomial with all its combinatorial universality to be epidemiologically relevant.

Tutte Polynomials and Topological Quantum Algorithms in Social Network Analysis for Epidemiology, Bio-surveillance and Bio-security

Algebraic analysis of social networks exhibited by SARS-Beijing-2003 and AH1N1 flu-Mexico-2009 was realized. The main tools were the Tutte polynomials and Maple package Graph-Theory. The topological structures like graphs and networks were represented by invariant polynomials. The evolution of a given social network was represented like an evolution of the algebraic complexity of the corresponding Tutte polynomial. The reduction of a given social network was described like an involution of the algebraic complexity of the associated Tutte polynomial. The outbreaks of SARS and AH1N1 Flu were considered like represented by a reduction of previously existing contact networks via the control measures executed by health authorities. From Tutte polynomials were derived numerical indicators about efficiency of control measures.

Algebraic Analysis of Social Networks for Bio-surveillance: The Cases of SARS-Beijing-2003 and AH1N1 Influenza-México-2009

Objetivo Se ilustra el analisis de la propagacion del sindrome respiratorio agudo severo en Canada en 2003, mediante modelos simples, comparando la influencia de las medidas de aislamiento en dos ondas epidemicas. Metodos Se utilizan los modelos Susceptible-Infectado y Susceptible- Infectado-Removido en version determinista para ambas ondas epidemicas, utilizando informacion oficial publicada. Se estiman los parametros deterministas con el programa NLREG 6,2 y se obtienen soluciones analiticas con Maple 9. Se obtienen indicadores para el analisis de la dinamica de la epidemia. Resultados Se observo un adecuado ajuste de los datos con ambos modelos pero en la segunda onda se observo un menor ajuste con el modelo sin remocion. En la segunda onda, con un R0 ligeramente menor a 1, a pesar de presentar la mayor incidencia (8,8 casos por dia), se tuvo el mas alto ritmo de infeccion (35 caso nuevos por 10 000 susceptibles) compensado con un alto ritmo de remocion (11,5 casos por dia), lo que llevo a una menor duracion de la epidemia (11,1 dias) y una menor tasa de ataque (1 caso por cada cien susceptibles). Conclusiones El modelo susceptible - infectado puede ser util en la fase inicial de la epidemia, previo a la instauracion de la remocion pero se requiere una vigilancia estrecha de la evolucion de la epidemia para incorporar la modelacion de la fuerza de remocion y derivar informacion que sustente las decisiones.

/pdf/bases-para-la-modelacion-de-epidemias-el-caso-del-sindrome-bsxuajaed2.pdf

Doracelly Hincapié

Papers

Tuberculosis control and managed competition in Colombia.

Spatial epidemic patterns recognition using computer algebra

Tutte Polynomials and Topological Quantum Algorithms in Social Network Analysis for Epidemiology, Bio-surveillance and Bio-security

Algebraic Analysis of Social Networks for Bio-surveillance: The Cases of SARS-Beijing-2003 and AH1N1 Influenza-México-2009

Bases para la Modelación de Epidemias: el Caso del Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo en Canadá