Author
Douglas R. Schmitt
Other affiliations: California Institute of Technology, Stanford University, University of Alberta
Bio: Douglas R. Schmitt is an academic researcher from Purdue University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Borehole & Anisotropy. The author has an hindex of 34, co-authored 243 publications receiving 4140 citations. Previous affiliations of Douglas R. Schmitt include California Institute of Technology & Stanford University.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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GNS Science1, Victoria University of Wellington2, Northern Illinois University3, University of Nebraska–Lincoln4, University of Otago5, University of Siena6, Ohio State University7, National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology8, University of Massachusetts Amherst9, Harvard University10, Pennsylvania State University11, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology12, Appalachian State University13, Johns Hopkins University14, University of Milano-Bicocca15, Colorado School of Mines16, Denver Federal Center17, University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh18, University of Parma19, Iowa State University20, Stanford University21, University of Alberta22, Louisiana State University23, Albion College24, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory25
TL;DR: A marine glacial record from the upper 600 m of the AND-1B sediment core recovered from beneath the northwest part of the Ross ice shelf is presented and well-dated, ∼40-kyr cyclic variations in ice-sheet extent linked to cycles in insolation influenced by changes in the Earth’s axial tilt (obliquity) during the Pliocene are demonstrated.
Abstract: Thirty years after oxygen isotope records from microfossils deposited in ocean sediments confirmed the hypothesis that variations in the Earth's orbital geometry control the ice ages, fundamental questions remain over the response of the Antarctic ice sheets to orbital cycles. Furthermore, an understanding of the behaviour of the marine-based West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) during the 'warmer-than-present' early-Pliocene epoch ( approximately 5-3 Myr ago) is needed to better constrain the possible range of ice-sheet behaviour in the context of future global warming. Here we present a marine glacial record from the upper 600 m of the AND-1B sediment core recovered from beneath the northwest part of the Ross ice shelf by the ANDRILL programme and demonstrate well-dated, approximately 40-kyr cyclic variations in ice-sheet extent linked to cycles in insolation influenced by changes in the Earth's axial tilt (obliquity) during the Pliocene. Our data provide direct evidence for orbitally induced oscillations in the WAIS, which periodically collapsed, resulting in a switch from grounded ice, or ice shelves, to open waters in the Ross embayment when planetary temperatures were up to approximately 3 degrees C warmer than today and atmospheric CO(2) concentration was as high as approximately 400 p.p.m.v. (refs 5, 6). The evidence is consistent with a new ice-sheet/ice-shelf model that simulates fluctuations in Antarctic ice volume of up to +7 m in equivalent sea level associated with the loss of the WAIS and up to +3 m in equivalent sea level from the East Antarctic ice sheet, in response to ocean-induced melting paced by obliquity. During interglacial times, diatomaceous sediments indicate high surface-water productivity, minimal summer sea ice and air temperatures above freezing, suggesting an additional influence of surface melt under conditions of elevated CO(2).
605 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, simulated annealing was used to invert fundamental and higher-mode Rayleigh wave dispersion curves simultaneously for an S-wave velocity profile, and the inversion was applied to near-surface seismic data (with a maximum depth of investigation of around 10 m) obtained over a thick lacustrine clay sequence.
Abstract: SUMMARY Simulated annealing was used to invert fundamental and higher-mode Rayleigh wave dispersion curves simultaneously for an S-wave velocity profile. The inversion was applied to near-surface seismic data (with a maximum depth of investigation of around 10 m) obtained over a thick lacustrine clay sequence. The geology was described either in terms of discrete layers or by a superposition of Chebyshev polynomials in the inversion and the contrasting results compared. Simulated annealing allows for considerable flexibility in model definition and parametrization and seeks a global rather than a local minimum in a misfit function. It has the added advantage in that it can be used to determine uncertainties in inversion parameters, thereby highlighting features in an inverted profile that should be interpreted with caution. Results show that simulated annealing works well for the inversion of multimodal near-surface Rayleigh wave dispersion curves relative to the same inversion that employs only the fundamental mode.
261 citations
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Imperial College London1, University of Texas at Austin2, Pennsylvania State University3, University of Burgundy4, Vrije Universiteit Brussel5, University of Edinburgh6, Curtin University7, American Museum of Natural History8, Tohoku University9, Lunar and Planetary Institute10, University of Leicester11, University of Montpellier12, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)13, British Geological Survey14, University of Strasbourg15, University of Western Ontario16, National Autonomous University of Mexico17, University of Glasgow18, University of Freiburg19, University of Utah20, University of Hamburg21, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology22, University of Alberta23, VU University Amsterdam24, Rutgers University25, University of Alaska Fairbanks26, Arizona State University27, NASA Astrobiology Institute28, Toho University29, Aix-Marseille University30
TL;DR: The only known impact structure on Earth with an unequivocal peak ring is Chicxulub as discussed by the authors, but it is buried and only accessible through drilling, and it is not accessible to the public.
Abstract: Large impacts provide a mechanism for resurfacing planets through mixing near-surface rocks with deeper material. Central peaks are formed from the dynamic uplift of rocks during crater formation. As crater size increases, central peaks transition to peak rings. Without samples, debate surrounds the mechanics of peak-ring formation and their depth of origin. Chicxulub is the only known impact structure on Earth with an unequivocal peak ring, but it is buried and only accessible through drilling. Expedition 364 sampled the Chicxulub peak ring, which we found was formed from uplifted, fractured, shocked, felsic basement rocks. The peak-ring rocks are cross-cut by dikes and shear zones and have an unusually low density and seismic velocity. Large impacts therefore generate vertical fluxes and increase porosity in planetary crust.
161 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the effect of stress on the materials in the borehole's vicinity and how these are used to infer stress states, and present a number of different but complementary techniques to best constrain in situ stress states.
149 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a breakdown equation based on a modified effective stress failure relation in which the tensile strength is dependent on a non-Terzaghi effective stress law is proposed.
116 citations
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TL;DR: Although there is considerable uncertainty about the spatial and temporal details, climate change is clearly and fundamentally altering ocean ecosystems and will continue to create enormous challenges and costs for societies worldwide, particularly those in developing countries.
Abstract: Marine ecosystems are centrally important to the biology of the planet, yet a comprehensive understanding of how anthropogenic climate change is affecting them has been poorly developed. Recent studies indicate that rapidly rising greenhouse gas concentrations are driving ocean systems toward conditions not seen for millions of years, with an associated risk of fundamental and irreversible ecological transformation. The impacts of anthropogenic climate change so far include decreased ocean productivity, altered food web dynamics, reduced abundance of habitat-forming species, shifting species distributions, and a greater incidence of disease. Although there is considerable uncertainty about the spatial and temporal details, climate change is clearly and fundamentally altering ocean ecosystems. Further change will continue to create enormous challenges and costs for societies worldwide, particularly those in developing countries.
2,408 citations
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TL;DR: A model coupling ice sheet and climate dynamics—including previously underappreciated processes linking atmospheric warming with hydrofracturing of buttressing ice shelves and structural collapse of marine-terminating ice cliffs—is calibrated against Pliocene and Last Interglacial sea-level estimates and applied to future greenhouse gas emission scenarios.
Abstract: Polar temperatures over the last several million years have, at times, been slightly warmer than today, yet global mean sea level has been 6-9 metres higher as recently as the Last Interglacial (130,000 to 115,000 years ago) and possibly higher during the Pliocene epoch (about three million years ago). In both cases the Antarctic ice sheet has been implicated as the primary contributor, hinting at its future vulnerability. Here we use a model coupling ice sheet and climate dynamics-including previously underappreciated processes linking atmospheric warming with hydrofracturing of buttressing ice shelves and structural collapse of marine-terminating ice cliffs-that is calibrated against Pliocene and Last Interglacial sea-level estimates and applied to future greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Antarctica has the potential to contribute more than a metre of sea-level rise by 2100 and more than 15 metres by 2500, if emissions continue unabated. In this case atmospheric warming will soon become the dominant driver of ice loss, but prolonged ocean warming will delay its recovery for thousands of years.
1,433 citations
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09 Jan 2020TL;DR: The third edition of the reference book as discussed by the authors has been thoroughly updated while retaining its comprehensive coverage of the fundamental theory, concepts, and laboratory results, and highlights applications in unconventional reservoirs, including water, hydrocarbons, gases, minerals, rocks, ice, magma and methane hydrates.
Abstract: Responding to the latest developments in rock physics research, this popular reference book has been thoroughly updated while retaining its comprehensive coverage of the fundamental theory, concepts, and laboratory results. It brings together the vast literature from the field to address the relationships between geophysical observations and the underlying physical properties of Earth materials - including water, hydrocarbons, gases, minerals, rocks, ice, magma and methane hydrates. This third edition includes expanded coverage of topics such as effective medium models, viscoelasticity, attenuation, anisotropy, electrical-elastic cross relations, and highlights applications in unconventional reservoirs. Appendices have been enhanced with new materials and properties, while worked examples (supplemented by online datasets and MATLAB® codes) enable readers to implement the workflows and models in practice. This significantly revised edition will continue to be the go-to reference for students and researchers interested in rock physics, near-surface geophysics, seismology, and professionals in the oil and gas industries.
1,387 citations