Kinesiology is the study of the art and science of human movement. The mission of the Department of Kinesiology at the University of Wisconsin– Eau Claire is to foster purposeful learning in the science, application, and principles of kinesiology to understand the full nature of human movement across the lifespan. We live and promote this mission by developing and preparing transformative learners to lead others in the achievement of a healthy, physically active lifestyle, and an enhanced quality of life.

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剣道の kinesiology 的研究

We investigated the interaction between step length and step rate and its effect on sprint performance in male and female sprinters during initial acceleration (IA) (0-10 m), transition phase (TP) (10-30 m), and at maximal speed (MS). Ten high-level male and female sprinters ran 2 all-out 60-m sprints. Force-time characteristics of start action were recorded by means of instrumented starting blocks. Running speed and acceleration were recorded using a laser system (ULS), whereas step length and step rate were measured for each step (Optojump). Step length was normalized for leg length. Explosive strength of the lower limb muscles was quantified using vertical jump performance, showing a 24.6% higher score in men compared with women. During the 3 phases of sprinting, step rate remained constant and did not differ significantly between men (IA: 4.37 ± 0.21 Hz, TP: 4.47 ± 0.25 Hz, MS: 4.43 ± 0.18 Hz) and women (IA: 4.23 ± 0.18 Hz, TP: 4.34 ± 0.18 Hz, MS: 4.28 ± 0.17 Hz). The data analysis indicates that step characteristics interact differently in men and women across phases. Men do not take full advantage of their higher explosive strength to develop step length and speed during IA, because normalized step length differed only slightly (-4.09%) between men (1.70 ± 0.21) and women (1.66 ± 0.13). However, men outscored women clearly in acceleration (+34.5%) during the TP because they were capable of developing higher step lengths (2.04 ± 0.12 m in men vs. 1.85 ± 0.07 m in women), even when normalized for leg length (2.65 ± 0.12 in men vs. 2.47 ± 0.22 in women). At MS, it was concluded that men and women pursue an optimal balance between step rate and step length because a high negative correlation was found in both sexes (r = -0.94 and r = -0.77). Therefore, training approach needs to be customized to gender-related differences in step length-rate interaction.

The Contribution of Step Characteristics to Sprint Running Performance in High-Level Male and Female Athletes

Objectives 
The main purpose of the present meta-analysis was to examine the criterion-related validity of the distance- and time-based walk/run tests for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness among apparently healthy children and adults.


Materials and Methods 
Relevant studies were searched from seven electronic bibliographic databases up to August 2015 and through other sources. The Hunter-Schmidt’s psychometric meta-analysis approach was conducted to estimate the population criterion-related validity of the following walk/run tests: 5,000 m, 3 miles, 2 miles, 3,000 m, 1.5 miles, 1 mile, 1,000 m, ½ mile, 600 m, 600 yd, ¼ mile, 15 min, 12 min, 9 min, and 6 min.


Results 
From the 123 included studies, a total of 200 correlation values were analyzed. The overall results showed that the criterion-related validity of the walk/run tests for estimating maximum oxygen uptake ranged from low to moderate (rp = 0.42–0.79), with the 1.5 mile (rp = 0.79, 0.73–0.85) and 12 min walk/run tests (rp = 0.78, 0.72–0.83) having the higher criterion-related validity for distance- and time-based field tests, respectively. The present meta-analysis also showed that sex, age and maximum oxygen uptake level do not seem to affect the criterion-related validity of the walk/run tests.


Conclusions 
When the evaluation of an individual’s maximum oxygen uptake attained during a laboratory test is not feasible, the 1.5 mile and 12 min walk/run tests represent useful alternatives for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness. As in the assessment with any physical fitness field test, evaluators must be aware that the performance score of the walk/run field tests is simply an estimation and not a direct measure of cardiorespiratory fitness.

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Criterion-Related Validity of the Distance- and Time-Based Walk/Run Field Tests for Estimating Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective:The study objective was to statistically codify empirical occupational fatigue literature into a systems model depicting causal factors of fatigue; interrelationships among causal factors; outcomes of fatigue; and interrelationships among outcomes.Methods:The objective was achieved via a c

Causes and Consequences of Occupational Fatigue: Meta-Analysis and Systems Model.

This study is a contribution to the discussion about the structure of performance of sport rock climbers. Because of the complex and multifaceted nature of this sport, multivariate statistics were applied in the study. The subjects included thirty experienced sport climbers. Forty three variables were scrutinised, namely somatic characteristics, specific physical fitness, coordination abilities, aerobic and anaerobic power, technical and tactical skills, mental characteristics, as well as 2 variables describing the climber's performance in the OS (Max OS) and RP style (Max RP). The results show that for training effectiveness of advanced climbers to be thoroughly analysed and examined, tests assessing their physical, technical and mental characteristics are necessary. The three sets of variables used in this study explained the structure of performance similarly, but not identically (in 38, 33 and 25%, respectively). They were also complementary to around 30% of the variance. The overall performance capacity of a sport rock climber (Max OS and Max RP) was also evaluated in the study. The canonical weights of the dominant first canonical root were 0.554 and 0.512 for Max OS and Max RP, respectively. Despite the differences between the two styles of climbing, seven variables - the maximal relative strength of the fingers (canonical weight = 0.490), mental endurance (one of scales : The Formal Characteristics of Behaviour-Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI; Strelau and Zawadzki, 1995)) (-0.410), climbing technique (0.370), isometric endurance of the fingers (0.340), the number of errors in the complex reaction time test (- 0.319), the ape index (-0.319) and oxygen uptake during arm work at the anaerobic threshold (0.254) were found to explain 77% of performance capacity common to the two styles.

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The Structure of Performance of a Sport Rock Climber

The aim of the present research was to investigate the relations of 7 variables of power and 12 variables of morphological characteristics with the kinematic indicators (stride frequency, stride length, foot-ground contact duration, flight duration) of maximal speed running. The research was conducted on a sample of 133 physical education male students, 19 to 24 years (age 21.7 p ; ; ; ; 1.08 ; body height 180.8 p ; ; ; ; 6.98 ; body weight 76.6 p ; ; ; ; 7.62), freshmen at the Faculty of Kinesiology University of Zagreb. By means of the component model of factor analysis under the GK-criterion and non-orthogonal rotation under the promax criterion the following factors were obtained: three morphological factors (skeleton dimensionality, in which the longitudinal component prevailed, body voluminosity and subcutaneous fatty tissue) and two factors of power (power of jumping type and ballistic power). Canonical analysis of the morphological factors and power factors with kinematic parameters resulted in two pairs of canonical factors with statistically significant canonical correlations (Rc1=0.76 ; p<0.01, and Rc2=0.57 ; p<0.01). On the basis of the first pair structure of canonical factors it was concluded that the Faculty of Kinesiology students who had pronounced dimensionality of skeleton, a smaller amount of subcutaneous fatty tissue and better developed relative power, performed longer strides in maximal speed running. The structure of the second canonical factor pair indicated that the students with the greater skeleton dimensionality had a smaller frequency of strides and their foot-ground contact lasted longer. It was also determined that stride length and stride frequency were negatively correlated in maximal speed running which was the result of positive correlation between skeleton dimensionality and stride length, on the one hand, and of negative correlation between skeleton dimensionality and stride frequency. The findings may contribute to a better understanding of the factors responsible for sprint performance in the population of athletes who are not top-level sprinters, i.e. they may be useful to PE teachers, coaches who work with novices in athletics and physical conditioning coaches who work in other sports than athletics, to get a more thorough insight into the sprinting efficiency mechanisms.

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Relations of the variables of power and morphological characteristics to the kinematic indicators of maximal speed running

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of body weight on fitness tests among the personnel of the Croatian navy. Forty two naval personnel (age 27 +/- 4.1 years; body mass 86.2 +/- 4.9 kg; height 184.6 +/- 7.4 cm; body fat percentage 17.3 +/- 5.2) participated in this study. In order to evaluate the fitness of the naval servicemen, we applied a testing procedure that included measurements of 7 fitness tests and 15 body anthropometric tests. A negative correlation was found between the body fat percentage and all the analyzed sprint tests and three anaerobic power tests (r), SP5 (r = -0.42), SP10 (r = -0.51), SP20 (r = -0.53), SJ (r = -0.45), CM (r = -0.57), SLJ (r = -0.67). Also a negative correlation was found between the body fat percentage and VO2(max) (r = -0.44). A positive correlation was found between the sprint test and the power performance test and thigh and calf girth. Spiriting ability is influenced by the strength of a person. This is one of the reasons why we found a positive correlation between the sprint test (SP5, SP10 and SP20) and thigh and calf girth. In this study we found a negative correlation between body fat percentages and all the sprint tests and three anaerobic power tests and VO2(max). The ectomorph somatotypes have positive correlations with all variables. The mesomorph somatotypes have the greatest positive correlations with all variables. The endomorph somatotypes have negative correlations with all variables. According to the body composition of Croatian naval servicemen we can conclude that they need a sufficient level of strength and endurance for everyday tasks. The effectiveness of a weight-management program is determined by the success of the participants in losing the necessary amount of weight and being able to maintain that weight loss. This requires long-term tracking of these individuals in a naval environment.

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Impact of body composition on performance in fitness tests among personnel of the Croatian navy.

High reliability of tests of maximum throwing performance

The aim of this study was to identify the differences between the arithmetic means of angular displacement and angular velocity of the swing arm shoulder in the second double-support phase of sub-elite shot putters and the equivalent angular displacement and velocity of elite shot putters. The information resource was collected at international official competitions. The first sub-sample was comprised of 10 trials executed by sub-elite shot putters (length of the shot put over 16 m and less than 17.25 m) (group 1) and the second sub-sample was comprised of 10 trials executed by the elite shot putters (length of the shot put over 19 m and less than 20.44 m) (group 2). The collected video images were digitized using APAS. The difference between the sub-elite group and elite group was obtained in the angular displacement of the left shoulder. The crucial finding is that the swing of the left arm must be performed with an amplitude which allows the prestretching of structures which are active in the pushing phase or with an amplitude which does not allow any increase in the shot’s movement radius.

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3d kinematics of the swing arm in the second double-support phase of rotational shot put - elite vs sub-elite athletes

The aim of this research was to determine the influence of Special Operations Battalion (SOB) basic training on specific shooting tasks in conditions of sleep deprivation. The research was conducted on a sample of 19 members of the Croatian Armed Forces for Special Operations. A specific task of shooting was carried out in four different ways with regard to body position in relation to the target (Sector 1-4). The shooting target was a head and chest silhouette. The paired-samples t-test has shown significant differences (p<.05) in the specific tasks of shooting before and after sleep deprivation. In addition, the results have shown that the SOB basic training had a positive impact on the reduction of sleep deprivation effects in shooting tasks. The obtained data suggest that during the SOB basic training (62 days), adaptation to stress and improvement of the skills of handling weapons has occurred, contributing significantly to better shooting results in stressful conditions, primarily in terms of lack of sleep.

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Dražen Harasin

Papers

Relations of the variables of power and morphological characteristics to the kinematic indicators of maximal speed running

Impact of body composition on performance in fitness tests among personnel of the Croatian navy.

High reliability of tests of maximum throwing performance

3d kinematics of the swing arm in the second double-support phase of rotational shot put - elite vs sub-elite athletes

The Effects of Basic Military Training on Shooting Tasks in Conditions of Sleep Deprivation