The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.

Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!

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Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.

Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges

The ever growing traffic explosion in mobile communications has recently drawn increased attention to the large amount of underutilized spectrum in the millimeter-wave frequency bands as a potentially viable solution for achieving tens to hundreds of times more capacity compared to current 4G cellular networks. Historically, mmWave bands were ruled out for cellular usage mainly due to concerns regarding short-range and non-line-of-sight coverage issues. In this article, we present recent results from channel measurement campaigns and the development of advanced algorithms and a prototype, which clearly demonstrate that the mmWave band may indeed be a worthy candidate for next generation (5G) cellular systems. The results of channel measurements carried out in both the United States and Korea are summarized along with the actual free space propagation measurements in an anechoic chamber. Then a novel hybrid beamforming scheme and its link- and system-level simulation results are presented. Finally, recent results from our mmWave prototyping efforts along with indoor and outdoor test results are described to assert the feasibility of mmWave bands for cellular usage.

Millimeter-wave beamforming as an enabling technology for 5G cellular communications: theoretical feasibility and prototype results

Communication at millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies is defining a new era of wireless communication. The mmWave band offers higher bandwidth communication channels versus those presently used in commercial wireless systems. The applications of mmWave are immense: wireless local and personal area networks in the unlicensed band, 5G cellular systems, not to mention vehicular area networks, ad hoc networks, and wearables. Signal processing is critical for enabling the next generation of mmWave communication. Due to the use of large antenna arrays at the transmitter and receiver, combined with radio frequency and mixed signal power constraints, new multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication signal processing techniques are needed. Because of the wide bandwidths, low complexity transceiver algorithms become important. There are opportunities to exploit techniques like compressed sensing for channel estimation and beamforming. This article provides an overview of signal processing challenges in mmWave wireless systems, with an emphasis on those faced by using MIMO communication at higher carrier frequencies.

An Overview of Signal Processing Techniques for Millimeter Wave MIMO Systems

The millimeter wave frequency spectrum offers unprecedented bandwidths for future broadband cellular networks. This paper presents the world's first empirical measurements for 28 GHz outdoor cellular propagation in New York City. Measurements were made in Manhattan for three different base station locations and 75 receiver locations over distances up to 500 meters. A 400 megachip-per-second channel sounder and directional horn antennas were used to measure propagation characteristics for future mm-wave cellular systems in urban environments. This paper presents measured path loss as a function of the transmitter - receiver separation distance, the angular distribution of received power using directional 24.5 dBi antennas, and power delay profiles observed in New York City. The measured data show that a large number of resolvable multipath components exist in both non line of sight and line of sight environments, with observed multipath excess delay spreads (20 dB) as great as 1388.4 ns and 753.5 ns, respectively. The widely diverse spatial channels observed at any particular location suggest that millimeter wave mobile communication systems with electrically steerable antennas could exploit resolvable multipath components to create viable links for cell sizes on the order of 200 m.

http://www.faculty.poly.edu/~tsr/Publications/ICC_2013_28.pdf

28 GHz propagation measurements for outdoor cellular communications using steerable beam antennas in New York city

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, also known as machine-type communications (MTC) in 3GPP LTE systems, provide autonomous connectivity between machines without human intervention to create new service, e.g., the Internet of Things and the smart grid. M2M communications normally involve a large number of MTC devices (MTCDs) to support a variety of sensor applications. Consequently, concurrent and massive access attempts of MTCDs to radio access networks (RANs) may cause intolerable delay, packet loss, and even service unavailability. In this paper, we propose a joint optimal physical random access channel (PRACH) resource allocation and access control mechanism to address the performance degradation caused by concurrent and massive access attempts of MTCDs in LTE systems. We define the notion of random access efficiency and formulate an optimization problem for maximization of the random access efficiency with random access delay constraint. We also propose a dynamic resource allocation and access control algorithm based on estimation of the number of MTCDs for a system with dynamically varying numbers of massive MTCDs. Then, an analytical model is provided using a discrete-time Markov chain for the proposed mechanism. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated via analysis and simulations. The proposed algorithm was able to maintain the optimal random access efficiency while satisfying the average random access delay requirement of MTCDs to handle massive and dynamic MTCDs per cell.

Joint Access Control and Resource Allocation for Concurrent and Massive Access of M2M Devices

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications is expected to be supported in the next-generation wireless LAN, IEEE 802.11ah. One of the most important issues for M2M communications is designing an effective medium access scheme to handle many devices. In this letter, we propose a new medium access control (MAC) enhancement to increase the uplink access efficiency. The proposed algorithm estimates the number of devices for the uplink access from the success probability. In the proposed algorithm, an access point (AP) determines the optimal size of the restricted access window (RAW) considering the relationship between the estimated number of devices and the size of RAW. We show that the success probability for the uplink access is improved by using our proposed algorithm through analysis and simulations.

Enhancement of IEEE 802.11ah MAC for M2M Communications

A resource management method in a Cognitive Radio communication system where at least two Base Stations of heterogeneous networks provide a connection service to Mobile Stations within their service areas is provided. In the method, at least one BS having candidate resources broadcasts its candidate resource information on the downlink of a system information channel. At least one BS lacking in resources searches the downlinks of system information channels from neighbor heterogeneous networks, selects an offer BS among the BSs having candidate resources, and rents resources from the selected offer BS by negotiations.

Method of managing resources in a cognitive radio communication system

We consider a harvest-then-transmit-based protocol in multiuser multiple-input–multiple-output wireless powered communication networks, where three separate optimization methods for energy beamforming, receive beamforming (RBF), and time-slot allocation are presented. From the three optimizations, we propose an optimal maximum throughput approach and a suboptimal zero-forcing (ZF)-RBF-based approach. The time slot is divided into two phases: The first phase is for energy transfer in downlink, and the second phase is for space-division multiple access in uplink. The optimal approach relies on iterations, whereas the ZF-RBF approach does not require any iterations for simple implementation. Simulation results show that the proposed schemes offer spatial multiplexing gain for a wide range of path-loss exponent and harvested energy level, with the ZF-RBF approach exhibiting a limitation when the harvested energy level is low.

Duckdong Hwang

Papers

28 GHz propagation measurements for outdoor cellular communications using steerable beam antennas in New York city

Joint Access Control and Resource Allocation for Concurrent and Massive Access of M2M Devices

Enhancement of IEEE 802.11ah MAC for M2M Communications

Method of managing resources in a cognitive radio communication system

Throughput Maximization for Multiuser MIMO Wireless Powered Communication Networks