Author
E.Å. Bendiksen
Bio: E.Å. Bendiksen is an academic researcher from Norwegian University of Science and Technology. The author has contributed to research in topics: Fish meal & Fish oil. The author has an hindex of 18, co-authored 22 publications receiving 1610 citations.
Topics: Fish meal, Fish oil, Salmo, Flesh, Commercial fish feed
Papers
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TL;DR: Dietary phospholipids increase the efficiency of transport of dietary fatty acids and lipids from the gut to the rest of the body possibly through enhanced lipoprotein synthesis.
496 citations
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TL;DR: Investigating the effects of pea protein concentrate, soy protein concentrate and corn gluten in diets for Atlantic salmon found fish fed CG and PPC diets showed lower SGR than fish fed the FM diet and there was a trend.
163 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report on a comparison of FM and FO replacement in high-energy, extruded salmon feeds, and in which 50% of the feed oil was of vegetable origin (rapeseed) and half of the dietary FO was reclaimed from fish processing waste (herring offal silage oil), the other half being pristine FO (blend of herring and anchoveta oils).
148 citations
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TL;DR: Digestibility, growth and nutrient utilisation of Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar L.) in relation to temperature, feed fat content and oil source is studied.
139 citations
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TL;DR: Essential fatty acid composition, in particular EPA, DHA and ARA in salmon flesh and liver were not negatively affected by dietary treatment and there was some evidence of increased retention and/or synthesis of LC-PUFA.
130 citations
Cited by
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TL;DR: This review attempts to compile all principal information available regarding the effects of fish oil replacement for the diets of farmed finfish, analysing the findings using a comparative approach among different cultured fish species.
Abstract: Unsustainable fishing practices have placed a heavy emphasis on aquaculture to meet the global shortfalls in the supply of fish and seafood, which are commonly accepted as the primary source of health-promoting essential omega-3 (n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids). However, dietary fish oil is required for the production of omega-3-rich farmed fish and this commodity, in a vicious circle, is at present derived solely from wild fisheries. Decreasing global availability coupled with the highly variable price of this resource has forced the aquaculture industry to investigate the possibilities of alternative dietary lipid sources. This review attempts to compile all principal information available regarding the effects of fish oil replacement for the diets of farmed finfish, analysing the findings using a comparative approach among different cultured fish species. The review initially focuses on the present situation with regard to the production, availability and main nutritional characteristics of fish oil and the principal alternative lipid sources (such as vegetable oils and animal fats). Following this, the effects of fish oil replacement in finfish nutrition on feed quality, fish performance, feed efficiency, fish lipid metabolism, final eating quality and related economic aspects are presented and discussed.
1,054 citations
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TL;DR: A multivariate theory that focuses on the coevolution of thermal reaction norms for growth rate and size at maturity is recommended, which should incorporate functional constraints on thermal Reaction norms, as well as the natural covariation between temperature and other environmental variables.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS. The majority of ectotherms grow slower but mature at a larger body size in colder environments. This phenomenon has puzzled biologists because classic theories of life-history evolution predict smaller sizes at maturity in environments that retard growth. During the last decade, intensive theoretical and empirical research has generated some plausible explanations based on nonadaptive or adaptive plasticity. Nonadaptive plasticity of body size is hypothesized to result from thermal constraints on cellular growth that cause smaller cells at higher temperatures, but the generality of this theory is poorly supported. Adaptive plasticity is hypothesized to result from greater benefits or lesser costs of delayed maturation in colder environments. These theories seem to apply well to some species but not others. Thus, no single theory has been able to explain the generality of temperature-size relationships in ectotherms. We recommend a multivariate theory that focuses on the coevolution of thermal reaction norms for growth rate and size at maturity. Such a theory should incorporate functional constraints on thermal reaction norms, as well as the natural covariation between temperature and other environmental variables.
843 citations
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TL;DR: There remains a need to better define the EFA requirements of most aquaculture species, and declining dependence on marine-origin lipid sources in recent years has placed an increased imperative on understanding the dietary need for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (lcPUFA).
Abstract: Essential fatty acids (EFA) remain one of the least well-understood and enigmatic nutrients in aquaculture nutrition. Of all dietary nutrients none has a greater direct impact on the composition of its consumer. Their importance stems not only to their impact on animal growth, but also to factors such as reproduction, immunity and product quality. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) has consistently been shown to provide the greatest EFA value to most species. However, the nutritional value of eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and arachidonic (ARA; 20:4n-6) acids has also been significantly greater than that exhibited by linolenic (LNA; 18:3n-3) and linoleic (LOA; 18:2n-6) acids. All five fatty acids have been shown to provide EFA value to most aquaculture species, although the optimal dietary inclusion levels and balance among the fatty-acid classes (n-3 and n-6) and fatty-acid chain lengths (18-C, 20-C or 22-C) vary among species. Environmental origin (freshwater, estuarine or marine) appears to be a primary factor influencing the difference in EFA requirements. The role that EFA play in osmoregulation clearly shows how these nutrients affect animals from different aquatic environments. The influence of EFA on growth also appears to be greatest in larval fish and crustaceans, possibly because of their reduced ability to digest and absorb lipids, but also because of a proportionally higher demand for EFA in the development of, in particular, neural tissues. Despite an abundance of research since the 1970s on the EFA requirements of aquaculture species there remains a need to better define the EFA requirements of most aquaculture species. Of all major aquaculture species only the penaeid shrimp has a comprehensively documented assessment of its nutritional requirements for EFA. The nutritional requirements for EFA in most fish species have not been comprehensively studied and those species that were fully examined in the 1970s and 1980s now need to be reassessed in light of recent changes to the use of high-nutrient-density diets that were not routinely used in either practice or research during that earlier period. In addition to changes in dietary specification strategies, declining dependence on marine-origin lipid sources in recent years has placed an increased imperative on understanding the dietary need for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (lcPUFA). As aquaculture continues to grow there will be an increased use of alternative lipid resources, such as grain, algal and rendered oils, to provide dietary lipids. In addition to dietary dilution of natural EFA sources through the use of these raw materials, they will also bring new challenges, such as increased levels of n-6 and 18-C polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Introduction of these n-6 and PUFA fatty acids to the diet of aquaculture species will not only influence the nutritional demands of these animals, but will also affect their flesh quality characteristics by reducing their level of n-3 lcPUFA. This dilemma will demand an increased prioritisation on the value of lipid sources rich in n-3 lcPUFA, but is also likely to stimulate the development of alternative sources of lcPUFA.
587 citations
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TL;DR: The present review discusses the potential of locusts, grasshoppers, termites, yellow mealworms, Asiatic rhinoceros beetles, superworms, domesticated silkworms, common houseflies, common mosquitoes and black soldier flies for use as fishmeal and/or fish oil replacement in the fish diet.
529 citations
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TL;DR: D dietary n − 3 in fish feeds can be defined by three levels; the minimum level required to satisfy EFA requirements and thus prevent nutritional pathologies, that required to sustain maximum growth and optimum health in fish being fed modern high-energy diets, and the balance between different PUFA and LC-PUFA, which far exceeds the biological requirements of the fish itself.
524 citations