In the Hamadryas baboon, males are substantially larger than females. A troop of baboons is subdivided into a number of ‘one-male groups’, consisting of one adult male and one or more females with their young. The male prevents any of ‘his’ females from moving too far from him. Kummer (1971) performed the following experiment. Two males, A and B, previously unknown to each other, were placed in a large enclosure. Male A was free to move about the enclosure, but male B was shut in a small cage, from which he could observe A but not interfere. A female, unknown to both males, was then placed in the enclosure. Within 20 minutes male A had persuaded the female to accept his ownership. Male B was then released into the open enclosure. Instead of challenging male A , B avoided any contact, accepting A’s ownership.

Evolution and the Theory of Games

Community Microgrid offers effective energy harvesting from distributed energy resources and efficient energy consumption by employing an energy management system (EMS). Therefore, the collaborative microgrids are essentially required to apply an EMS, underlying an operative control strategy in order to provide an efficient system. An EMS is apt to optimize the operation of microgrids from several points of view. Optimal production planning, optimal demand-side management, fuel and emission constraints, the revenue of trading spinning and non-spinning reserve capacity can effectively be managed by EMS. Consequently, the importance of optimization is explicit in microgrid applications. In this paper, the most common control strategies in the microgrid community with potential pros and cons are analyzed. Moreover, a comprehensive review of single objective and multi-objective optimization methods is performed by considering the practical and technical constraints, uncertainty, and intermittency of renewable energies sources. The Pareto-optimal solution as the most popular multi-objective optimization approach is investigated for the advanced optimization algorithms. Eventually, feature selection and neural network-based clustering algorithms in order to analyze the Pareto-optimal set are introduced.

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A Comprehensive Review of Control Strategies and Optimization Methods for Individual and Community Microgrids

While many books have been written about evolutionary game theory over the last couple of decades, Thomas Vincent and Joel Brown’s recent book, a culmination of their collaboration over almost two decades, is especially ambitious in both breadth and depth. In terms of breadth the authors address a much wider array of biological phenomena (both evolutionary and ecological) than is typical. In addition, whereas classic evolutionary game theory limits itself to behavioral interactions and phenotypes, this book takes a very broad view of what constitutes a “game” and places natural selection itself firmly within a game-theoretic framework. In terms of depth, the authors heartily embrace (and demonstrate how to model) many of the complexities in evolving systems. These include simultaneous selection on multiple traits, the effect of resource availability and distributions on selection, co-evolution among species, and evolution in the context of multiple life history stages. Of course this depth requires more mathematical complexity. Thankfully, the book is well organized such that each chapter, especially those that develop the core of the authors’ techniques (Ch. 4–7), introduces concepts with well written verbal descriptions, then with simple examples, and finally with a progression of more complicated and mathematically sophisticated cases. This allows readers of varying mathematical sophistication to go as far into each chapter as desired, while still gaining enough of the overall message to progress to subsequent chapters. Game theory originated in economics (von Neumann and Morgenstern, 1947) as a tool for reasoning about how rational individuals (players) should behave in various kinds of “conflict of interest” situations in order to maximize benefit (utility) to themselves. Quickly adapted by other social sciences, game theory proved useful in analyzing phenomena as diverse as Cold War nuclear conflict scenarios, marital strife, and cooperation among unrelated humans in rural

Book Review: Evolutionary Game Theory, Natural Selection, and Darwinian Dynamics

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Vekâlet Teorisinde Fırsatçılık Kavramı ve Oyun Teorisi Arasındaki İlişki

The integration of distributed energy resources and the transition to smart cities are shifting the urban energy sector to a decentralized operating system. Blockchain-based microgrids, where small-scale operators trade electricity among each others, have gained remarkable attention recently. However, most of the proposed schemes study smart grids in prosperous cities. In this study, the performance of a solar-based power trading scheme is investigated in a shortage-prone context, Beirut City. Thus, we resort to a game-theoretic approach to model power trading as a repeated game between buildings at the urban scale. Results show that solar energy can cover up to 25% of the city electricity needs, depending on the rooftops area coverage. On the other hand, we found that deploying a peer-to-peer trading scheme has marginal impact since the energy demand in the city exceeds the supply and most buildings would prioritize self-consumption.

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A game-theoretic approach to assess peer-to-peer rooftop solar PV electricity trading under constrained power supply

The technology of Smart Grid is believed to be the future of power system networks. Smart Grid (SG) gains its importance due to its proven ability to improve stability, efficiency and robustness of electrical power grids. SG system consists mainly of two components which are electrical distribution system and communication layer. In the electrical distribution system, the generated energy comes from a network of distributed energy resources \"DERs\", which is called microgrid. In most cases, these DERs are recommended to be renewable energy sources \"RESs\" to reduce emissions and harmful environmental effects. One of the main drawbacks of renewable energy sources is that their availability varies with time and so that the micro-grid technology faces various technical challenges which motivate many researchers to adopt techniques to overcome these challenges. In this regard and due to its capability of studying complex interactions between independent rational players, game theory is expected to have a great contribution in the phase of design and analysis of micro-grids. In this paper, the fundamental concepts of game theory are streamlined, an overview on the applications of game theoretical concepts in various microgrid optimization problems are presented, a novel classification of research points covered by researchers are provided. Finally, some future opportunities that are expected to solve some of the technical challenges facing micro-grid technology are introduced.

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A Survey of Game Theory Applications in Electrical Power Micro-Grid Systems

In recent years, the technology of micro-grids (µGs) has gained a lot of interest. µGs utilize distributed generators (DGs) to locally meet the needs of consumers. This decentralized nature increases the efficiency of the system in addition to improving the electrical service reliability. In this paper, coalitional game theory is used to study the process of local power exchange among a set of µGs. A coalition forming (CF) algorithm which depends on the topology of the network is proposed. The presented algorithm is scalable i.e. can capture a substantial number of µGs which makes it applicable in real systems. Besides the macro-station (MS), each formed coalition comprises a set of µGs with a lack of power to purchase and a set of µGs that have an excess of power to sell. Within each coalition, quadratic programming (QP) is used to organize the transition of power among µGs and MS so as to reduce the power losses. To illustrate the significant impact of the presented procedure, a full numerical example is introduced. The analysis and simulation show that the proposed algorithm results in a decrease in the average power losses per bus, reaching up to 37.6% enhancement compared with the non-cooperative situation.

https://ijci.journals.ekb.eg/article_117638_249bd5c2c753c5cf4bbfa2d0aa1bd787.pdf

E. F. Kelash

Papers

A Survey of Game Theory Applications in Electrical Power Micro-Grid Systems

A New Coalition Formation Approach for Power Losses Reduction in Electrical Power Micro-Grids