Notwithstanding great progress in scientific and economic under standing of climate change, it has proven difficult to forge inter national agreements because of free-riding, as seen in the defunct Kyoto Protocol. This study examines the club as a model for international climate policy. Based on economic theory and empirical modeling, it finds that without sanctions against non-participants there are no stable coalitions other than those with minimal abatement. By contrast, a regime with small trade penalties on non-participants, a Climate Club, can induce a large stable coalition with high levels of abatement. (JEL Q54, Q58, K32, K33)

https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/aer.15000001

Climate Clubs: Overcoming Free-riding in International Climate Policy †

Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules is a comprehensive analysis of the customary rules of international humanitarian law applicable in international and non-international armed conflicts. In the absence of ratifications of important treaties in this area, this is clearly a publication of major importance, carried out at the express request of the international community. In so doing, this study identifies the common core of international humanitarian law binding on all parties to all armed conflicts.

Customary International Humanitarian Law

List of boxes, figures and tables Preface Acknowledgements List of abbreviations List of main symbols used in UN documents Glossary Table of cases 1. Introduction Part I. The Birth and Development of the Principle: The UN General Assembly as Midwife: Introductory remarks to part I 2. The formative years (1945-1962) 3. Promoting economic development by the exercise of permanent sovereignty: the period after 1962 4. Permanent sovereignty, environmental protection and sustainable development 5. Permanent sovereignty over natural resources in territories under occupation or foreign administration Summary and appraisal of part I Part II. Natural-Resource Law in Practice: From Creeping National Jurisdiction Towards International Co-operation: Introductory remarks to part II 6. International investment law: from nationalism to pragmatism 7. The law of the sea: extension of control over marine resources 8. International environmental law: sovereignty versus the environment? Appraisal of part II Part III. Balancing Rights and Duties in an Increasingly Interdependent World: 9. Rights and claims: seeking evidence of recognition in international law 10. Duties: the other side of the coin 11. Sovereignty over natural resources as a basis for sustainable development Appendices Bibliography Index.

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Sovereignty over Natural Resources: Balancing Rights and Duties

We examine how a new discourse shapes the emergence of new global regulatory institutions and, specifically, the roles played by actors and the texts they author during the institution-building process, by investigating a case study of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and its relationship to the new environmental regulatory discourse of ‘precaution’. We show that new discourses do not neatly supplant legacy discourses but, instead, are made to overlap and interact with them through the authorial agency of actors, as a result of which the meanings of both are changed. It is out of this discursive struggle that new institutions emerge.

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The Emergence of New Global Institutions: A Discursive Perspective

The World Health Assembly (WHA) adopted the new International Health Regulations (IHR) on May 23, 2005. The new IHR represent the culmination of a decade-long revision process and an historic development for international law and public health. The new IHR appear at a moment when public health, security, and democracy have become intertwined, addressed at the highest levels of government. The United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Kofi Annan, for example, identified IHR revision as a priority for moving humanity toward “larger freedom.” This article analyzes the new IHR and their implications for global health and security in the 21st century.
 The WHA instructed the WHO Director-General (DG) to revise the IHR in 1995 because the Regulations did not provide an effective framework for addressing the international spread of disease. Doubts about the IHR's effectiveness had, however, been present long before 1995. The critiques identified the narrow scope of the regulations (applying only to a small number of infectious diseases), the lack of compliance by states, and the absence of a strategy for responding to rapid changes in public health's global economic and technological environments.

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The new International Health Regulations: an historic development for international law and public health.

https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2926&context=ndlr

Eberhard P. Deutsch

Papers

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties