This article conceptualizes community cultural wealth as a critical race theory (CRT) challenge to traditional interpretations of cultural capital. CRT shifts the research lens away from a deficit view of Communities of Color as places full of cultural poverty disadvantages, and instead focuses on and learns from the array of cultural knowledge, skills, abilities and contacts possessed by socially marginalized groups that often go unrecognized and unacknowledged. Various forms of capital nurtured through cultural wealth include aspirational, navigational, social, linguistic, familial and resistant capital. These forms of capital draw on the knowledges Students of Color bring with them from their homes and communities into the classroom. This CRT approach to education involves a commitment to develop schools that acknowledge the multiple strengths of Communities of Color in order to serve a larger purpose of struggle toward social and racial justice.

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Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth

Ethnic diversity is increasing in most advanced countries, driven mostly by sharp increases in immigration. In the long run immigration and diversity are likely to have important cultural, economic, fiscal, and developmental benefits. In the short run, however, immigration and ethnic diversity tend to reduce social solidarity and social capital. New evidence from the US suggests that in ethnically diverse neighbourhoods residents of all races tend to ‘hunker down’. Trust (even of one's own race) is lower, altruism and community cooperation rarer, friends fewer. In the long run, however, successful immigrant societies have overcome such fragmentation by creating new, cross-cutting forms of social solidarity and more encompassing identities. Illustrations of becoming comfortable with diversity are drawn from the US military, religious institutions, and earlier waves of American immigration.

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E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty‐first Century The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture

The four Visegrad states — Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia (until 1993 Czechoslovakia) and Hungary — form a compact area between Germany and Austria in the west and the states of the former USSR in the east. They are bounded by the Baltic in the north and the Danube river in the south. They are cut by the Sudeten and Carpathian mountain ranges, which divide Poland off from the other states. Poland is an extension of the North European plain and like the latter is drained by rivers that flow from south to north west — the Oder, the Vlatava and the Elbe, the Vistula and the Bug. The Danube is the great exception, flowing from its source eastward, turning through two 90-degree turns to end up in the Black Sea, forming the barrier and often the political frontier between central Europe and the Balkans. Hungary to the east of the Danube is also an open plain. The region is historically and culturally part of western Europe, but its eastern Marches now represents a vital strategic zone between Germany and the core of the European Union to the west and the Russian zone to the east.

Economy and Society

This paper provides a review and critique of empirical research on perceived discrimination and health. The patterns of racial disparities in health suggest that there are multiple ways by which racism can affect health. Perceived discrimination is one such pathway and the paper reviews the published research on discrimination and health that appeared in PubMed between 2005 and 2007. This recent research continues to document an inverse association between discrimination and health. This pattern is now evident in a wider range of contexts and for a broader array of outcomes. Advancing our understanding of the relationship between perceived discrimination and health will require more attention to situating discrimination within the context of other health-relevant aspects of racism, measuring it comprehensively and accurately, assessing its stressful dimensions, and identifying the mechanisms that link discrimination to health.

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Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research

Feminist and critical race theories offer the concept of intersectionality to describe analytic approaches that simultaneously consider the meaning and consequences of multiple categories of identity, difference, and disadvantage. To understand how these categories depend on one another for meaning and are jointly associated with outcomes, reconceptualization of the meaning and significance of the categories is necessary. To accomplish this, the author presents 3 questions for psychologists to ask: Who is included within this category? What role does inequality play? Where are there similarities? The 1st question involves attending to diversity within social categories. The 2nd conceptualizes social categories as connoting hierarchies of privilege and power that structure social and material life. The 3rd looks for commonalities across categories commonly viewed as deeply different. The author concludes with a discussion of the implications and value of these 3 questions for each stage of the research process.

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Intersectionality and Research in Psychology

The study of race and ethnic conflict historically has been hampered by inadequate and simplistic theories. I contend that the central problem of the various approaches to the study of racial phenomena is their lack of a structural theory of racism. I review traditional approaches and alternative approaches to the study of racism, and discuss their limitations. Following the leads suggested by some of the alternative frameworks, I advance a structural theory of racism based on the notion of racialized social systems. "The habit of considering racism as a mental quirk, as a psychological flaw, must be abandoned." -Frantz Fanon (1967:77) he area of race and ethnic studies lacks a _ sound theoretical apparatus. To complicate matters, many analysts of racial matters have abandoned the serious theorization and reconceptualization of their central topic: racism. Too many social analysts researching racism assume that the phenomenon is selfevident, and therefore either do not provide a definition or provide an elementary definition (Schuman, Steeh, and Bobo 1985; Sniderman and Piazza 1993). Nevertheless, whether implicitly or explicitly, most analysts regard racism as a purely ideological phenomenon.

Rethinking racism: toward a structural interpretation *

Preface for Third Edition of Racism without Racists Chapter 1: The Strange Enigma of Race in Contemporary America Chapter 2: The Central Frames of Color-Blind Racism Chapter 3: The Style of Color Blindness: How to Talk Nasty about Minorities without Sounding Racist Chapter 4: "I Didn't Get That Job Because of a Black Man": Color-Blind Racism's Racial Stories Chapter 5: Peeking Inside the (White) House of Color Blindness: The Significance of Whites' Segregation Chapter 6: Are All Whites Refined Archie Bunkers? An Examination of White Racial Progressives Chapter 7: Are Blacks Color Blind, Too? Chapter 8: E Pluribus Unum or the Same Old Perfume in a New Bottle? On the Future of Racial Stratification in the United States Chapter 9: Will Racism Disappear in Obamerica? The Sweet (but Deadly) Enchantment of Colorblindness in Black Face Conclusion

Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States

Acknowledgments Preface to the Fourth Edition 1. The Strange Enigma of Race in Contemporary America 2. The New Racism: The U.S. Racial Structure Since the 1960s 3. The Central Frames of Color-Blind Racism 4. The Style of Color Blindness: How to Talk Nasty about Minorities without Sounding Racist 5. "I Didn't Get That Job Because of a Black Man": Color-Blind Racism's Racial Stories 6. Peeking Inside the (White) House of Color Blindness: The Significance of Whites' Segregation 7. Are All Whites Refined Archie Bunkers? An Examination of White Racial Progressives 8. Are Blacks Color Blind, Too? 9. E Pluribus Unum, or the Same Old Perfume in a New Bottle? On the Future of Racial Stratification in the United States 10 Race Matters in Obamerica: The Sweet (but Deadly) Enchantment of Color Blindness in Black Face Contents 11 "The (Color-Blind) Emperor Has No Clothes": Exposing the Whiteness of Color Blindness Bibliography Index About the Author

Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America

Introduction: Why Are Racial Minorities Behind Today? * What is Racism? The Racialized Social System. * Racial Attitudes or Racial Ideology? An Alternative Paradigm for Examining Actors' Racial Views. * The "New Racism": The Post-Civil Rights Racial Structure in the U.S * Color-Blind Racism and Blacks. * Conclusion: New Racism, New Theory, and New Struggle.

White Supremacy and Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era

In this article I argue that the bi-racial order (white vs non-white) typical of the United States is undergoing a profound transformation. Because of drastic changes in the demography of the nation as well as changes in the racial structure of the world-system, the United States is developing a complex, Latin America-like racial order. Specifically, I suggest that the new order will have two central features: three loosely organized racial strata (white, honorary white, and the collective black) and a pigmentocratic logic. I examine some objective, subjective, and social interaction indicators to assess if the Latin Americanization thesis holds some water. Although more refined data are needed to conclusively make my case, the available indicators support my thesis. I conclude this article by outlining some of the potential implications of Latin Americanization for the future of race relations in the United States.

Eduardo Bonilla-Silva

Papers

Rethinking racism: toward a structural interpretation *

Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States

Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America

White Supremacy and Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era

From bi-racial to tri-racial: Towards a new system of racial stratification in the USA