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TL;DR: In this article, the causes of mass killing and genocide are investigated and a final solution is proposed to find the causes and causes of such crimes. But, the solution is limited.
Abstract: (2000). Final solutions: The causes of mass killing and genocide. Security Studies: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 1-59.
77 citations
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17 May 1995TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of urbanization and population growth on the conduct of insurgency/counterinsurgency operations and assesses the U.S.'s ability to effectively support foreign nations' counter-informative activities.
Abstract: This report evaluates the effects of urbanization and population growth on the conduct of insurgency/counterinsurgency operations and assesses the U.S.'s ability to effectively support foreign nations' counterinsurgency activities.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the origins and persistence of paramilitaries and state-sponsored militias in the developing world were examined using a sequential mixed-method approach, and it was shown that revolutionary decolonization produces more decentralized and localized force structures, while direct inheritance of colonial armies leads to more conventional force structures.
Abstract: This article uses a sequential mixed method approach to examine the origins and persistence of paramilitaries and state-sponsored militias in the developing world. Combining comparative case studies of Southeast Asia and the Middle East with statistical analysis, it shows that revolutionary decolonization produces more decentralized and localized force structures, while direct inheritance of colonial armies leads to more conventional force structures. Subsequently, the level of competition within the regional system influences whether a state can persist in the use of paramilitaries or must transition to a more centralized, conventional force.
29 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the current common practice of labelling civil wars as either "guerrilla" or "conventional" (which is usually meant to accurately characterise the type of warfare throughout an entire civil war) is unable to fully encapsulate the dynamic nature of warfare in civil war.
Abstract: This article explains theoretically, and demonstrates empirically, the instrumental role of the balance of capabilities in shaping the form of warfare that develops in civil wars. It contends that the current common practice of labelling civil wars as either ‘guerrilla’ or ‘conventional’ (which is usually meant to accurately characterise the type of warfare throughout an entire civil war) is unable to fully encapsulate the dynamic nature of warfare in civil war. It is instead argued that the form of warfare frequently varies significantly across time and space in a single conflict. This article is divided into three sections. Section one examines recent advances in the understanding of warfare in civil wars. It identifies three categories of warfare in civil war: conventional, guerrilla and irregular. Section two builds on previous studies to develop the concept of the balance of capabilities. Finally, the article illustrates these theoretical insights through a discussion of the American and Somali Civil...
27 citations
03 Apr 2014
TL;DR: Goucha et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a framework for promoting human security from concept to action in Africa, which is based on the concepts of human security at the international level.
Abstract: The author is responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this publication and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. The designations employed throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. None of the parts of this book, including the cover design, may be reproduced or copied in any way and by any means, whether electronic, mechanical, chemical, optical, or using photocopying techniques, without previous authorization from UNESCO. Contents Foreword by Ms Moufida Goucha Promoting human security: from concept to action 9 Introduction 13 I Theoretical approaches to human security 15 1 African conceptualizations of human security 22 Intergovernmental level 22 Academics, scholars and researchers 25 Non-governmental and civil society organizations 27 II Africa in the twenty-first century 35 1 The state in Africa 37 2 Security in Africa after 9/11 39 3 The war on terrorism in Africa and human security 44 4 Regional integration and human security in Africa 47 West Africa 47 North Africa 48 East Africa 48 Southern Africa 49 III Normative, ethical and educational frameworks in Africa 51 1 Educational frameworks 52 2 Non-governmental organizations 56 African Human Security Initiative 56 3 National normative frameworks 60 4 Pan-African ethical and normative frameworks 61 5 Intergovernmental normative frameworks 73 Human Security Network 73 5 IV Threats to human security in Africa 77 1 Global threats 77 2 Cross-cutting national threats 87 State collapse and state failure 87 Political and social exclusion of minorities and indigenous peoples 89 Leadership and 'advanced cases of stayism' 94 Illicit actors and their authority 98 Low levels of human development and poverty 100 3 Region-specific threats to human security in Africa 104 West Africa 104 The Horn and East Africa 106 Southern Africa 110 Great Lakes region 113 V. Pan-African and international responses to human security threats 115 1 An expanded role for civil society in Africa 115 2 New and restructured African intergovernmental organizations 120
25 citations