Edward K. Hawkins

Bio: Edward K. Hawkins is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Debt service ratio & Balance of payments. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publications receiving 33 citations.

Philippines - Priorities and prospects for development

Abstract: The outlook for the Philippine economy during the next decade is heavily influenced by recent economic events, which resulted in policies for internal development that introduced a distinct change of direction into the economy. The development task facing the government is to lay the foundation for future growth that the economy can achieve in the rest of this century. The economy will be dependent upon foreign inflows to finance prospective balance of payments deficits, which will be larger as a result of decisions to finance a higher level of capital formation. Projections are based upon assumptions concerning future prospects for exports and price trends for both exports and imports. Development will be concentrated in the industrial sector, including: (i) large resource-based industrial projects with a substantial increase in the power program; (ii) import substitution involving industrial projects for the production of intermediate and capital goods; and (iii) expansion of manufacturing production for export. Other aspects are the expansion of public investment in infrastructure and provision of public services. Three areas of particular importance will be education, health, and family planning.

Trends in the Effects of Family Background on Educational Attainment in the Philippines.

Abstract: In order to assess trends in the effect of parental status as a determinant of educational outcomes, two distinct models are estimated for a succession of cohorts of Philippine men and women born in the first half of the 20th century. The linear models shows some decline across cohorts in the effects of background on years of schooling; the logistic response model, used to estimate the effects of background variables on specific grade progression probabilities, shows remarkable constancy over time. These results are consistent with an image of the educational system as an ever-expanding pie that is always sliced in the same proportions.

State capacity and the paradox of authoritarian elections

Abstract: A “paradox of authoritarian elections” prevails: While some researchers emphasize the stabilizing effect of authoritarian multi-party elections, others point to their potential for regime subversion. I argue that the effect of elections will likely depend on the capacities of the authoritarian regime in which they take place. In particular, state capacity may influence the relationship between authoritarian elections and regime stability. Autocrats presiding over a highly capable state may abuse the bureaucracy to subtly manipulate voters and the electoral framework. And a strong coercive apparatus serves to prevent opposition mobilization and post-electoral protests. Thus, elections are more likely to stabilize authoritarian regimes endowed with high levels of state capacity. Where state capacity is low, elections are more likely to spin out of control, or the regime may be forced to turn to more blatant forms of fraud or large-scale violence, which tend to cause regime destabilization. The proposed rela...

Upland agriculture, the land frontier and forest decline in the Philippines

Abstract: Population pressure, expansion of small-scale agriculture and shifting cultivation are commonly cited as the causes of tropical deforestation. A close examination of deforestation and agriculture in the Philippine uplands reveals, however, that the vast majority of agriculturists must be sedentary farmers. In addition, the importance of population pressure as a cause of deforestation in the Philippines cannot be supported by the available evidence. Lastly, the concept of ‘arable land’ is shown to be of limited value in discussing upland agriculture in the Philippines.

The Transformation of Patron-Client Relations and its Political Consequences in Postwar Philippines

Abstract: The declaration of martial law in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos on 21 September 1972 marked the overthrow of the open and competitive Filipino political system that had operated on the principle of institutional checks and balances adapted from the American model of liberal democracy. The Marcos power seizure represented a breakthrough by a coalition of the central Executive and new social forces that had emerged from the Philippines' transition to modernity against the constitutional restraints on presidential power. The new coalition, in which the military, the technocracy, and foreign economic interests were important components, succeeded in destroying the old balance of power, which had rested on the adversary relationship between the Chief Executive and Congress. The disbanding of Congress by emergency fiat reflected the decisive flew of power towards the Executive; for twenty-six years since independence, the legislature had acted as the main institutional check on the presidency.