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Author

Eiichi Saitoh

Other affiliations: Keio University, University of Tokyo
Bio: Eiichi Saitoh is an academic researcher from Fujita Health University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Swallowing & Dysphagia. The author has an hindex of 27, co-authored 249 publications receiving 3105 citations. Previous affiliations of Eiichi Saitoh include Keio University & University of Tokyo.
Topics: Swallowing, Dysphagia, Gait analysis, Gait, Stroke


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three non-VFG tests for assessing risk of aspiration have limitations but may be useful for assessing patients when VFSS is not feasible and may also be useful as screening procedures to determine which dysphagia patients need a VF SS.
Abstract: The videofluorographic swallowing study (VFSS) is the definitive test to identify aspiration and other abnormalities of swallowing. When a VFSS is not feasible, nonvideofluorographic (non-VFG) clinical assessment of swallowing is essential. We studied the accuracy of three non-VFG tests for assessing risk of aspiration: (1) the water swallowing test (3 ml of water are placed under the tongue and the patient is asked to swallow); (2) the food test (4 g of pudding are placed on the dorsum of the tongue and the patient asked to swallow); and (3) the X-ray test (static radiographs of the pharynx are taken before and after swallowing liquid barium). Sixty-three individuals with dysphagia were each evaluated with the three non-VFG tests and a VFSS; 29 patients aspirated on the VFSS. The summed scores of all three non-VFG tests had a sensitivity of 90% for predicting aspiration and specificity of 71% for predicting its absence. The summed scores of the water and food tests (without X-ray) had a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 56%. These non-VFG tests have limitations but may be useful for assessing patients when VFSS is not feasible. They may also be useful as screening procedures to determine which dysphagia patients need a VFSS.

248 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Naoichi Chino1, Shigeru Sonoda1, Kazuhisa Domen1, Eiichi Saitoh1, Akio Kimura1 
TL;DR: The Stroke Impairment Assessment Set (SIAS) as discussed by the authors assesses motor function, muscle tone, sensation, range of motion, pain, trunk control, visuospatial perception, aphasia and function on the unaffected side.
Abstract: A new method for the evaluation of stroke patients, designated the Stroke Impairment Assessment Set (SIAS), is presented. The SIAS primarily employs singletask assessment of various functions and rates performance on scales of 0 to 5 or 0 to 3. The items evaluated include motor function, muscle tone, sensation, range of motion, pain, trunk control, visuospatial perception, aphasia, and function on the unaffected side. Scores for each item are plotted on a radar chart so that deficits can be identified at a glance. The interobserver variation in SIAS scores is acceptable, and assessment can be performed as part of a routine clinical examination.

190 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Naoichi Chino1, Shigeru Sonoda1, Kazuhisa Domen1, Eiichi Saitoh1, Akio Kimura1 
TL;DR: The Stroke Impairment Assessment Set (SIAS) as discussed by the authors assesses motor function, muscle tone, sensation, range of motion, pain, trunk control, visuospatial perception, aphasia and functions on the unaffected side.
Abstract: A new method for the evaluation of stroke patients, designated the Stroke Impairment Assessment Set (SIAS) is presented. The SIAS primarily employs single-task assessment of various functions and rates performance on scales of 0 to 5 or 0 to 3. The items evaluated include motor function, muscle tone, sensation, range of motion, pain, trunk control, visuospatial perception, aphasia and functions on the unaffected side. Scores for each item are plotted on a radar chart, so that deficits can be identified at a glance. The inter-observer variation in SIAS scores is acceptable and assessment can be performed as part of a routine clinical examination.

168 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Repetitive Saliva Swallowing Test: RSST (RSST)の確認は喉頭挙上の触診で可能であった.
Abstract: 機能的嚥下障害スクリーニング法として,「反復唾液嚥下テスト」(the Repetitive Saliva Swallowing Test: RSST)を考案した.30秒間の平均空嚥下回数は若年者(N=30)で7.4回,高齢者(N=30)で5.9回,30秒間の平均人工唾液嚥下回数は若年者で7.7回,高齢者で6.2回であった.空嚥下,人工唾液嚥下ともに高齢者は若年者より有意に嚥下回数が少なかった.一方,若年者,高齢者それぞれの空嚥下と人工唾液嚥下の嚥下回数には有意差を認めなかった.嚥下運動の確認は喉頭挙上の触診で可能であった.高齢者の積算嚥下時間(検査開始から嚥下完了時点までの時間)上限より,RSST 2回/30秒間以下が嚥下障害のスクリーニング値として設定できた.

149 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Chewing appeared to reduce the effectiveness of the posterior tongue-palate seal, allowing oral contents to spill into the pharynx, and eating two-phase foods with both solid and liquid phases may increase the risk of aspiration in dysphagic individuals with impaired airway protective reflexes.
Abstract: Preswallow bolus formation usually occurs in the mouth for liquids and in the oropharynx for solid foods. We examined the effect of chewing on the relationship between bolus transport and swallow initiation. Fifteen healthy subjects were imaged with lateral projection videofluorography while eating liquids, solid foods, and a mixture of liquid and solid foods in upright and facedown postures. Videotapes were reviewed to measure the location of the leading edge of the barium at swallow initiation. Chewing and initial consistency each altered the relationship between food transport and swallow initiation. In particular, when chewing liquid (or consuming foods with both liquid and solid phases), a portion of the food commonly reached the hypopharynx well before swallow onset. This transport to the hypopharynx was highly dependent on gravity, but transport to the valleculae for chewed solid food was active, depending primarily on tongue-palate contact. Chewing appeared to reduce the effectiveness of the posterior tongue-palate seal, allowing oral contents to spill into the pharynx. Consuming two-phase foods with both solid and liquid phases may increase the risk of aspiration in dysphagic individuals with impaired airway protective reflexes.

135 citations


Cited by
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Journal Article
TL;DR: The epidemiological distinction between the generic term "physical activity" and the specific category of "exercise", which implies activity for a specific purpose such as improvement of physical condition or competition is recognised.
Abstract: An ever-growing volume of peer-reviewed publications speaks to the recent and rapid growth in both scope and understanding of exercise immunology. Indeed, more than 95% of all peer-reviewed publications in exercise immunology (currently >2, 200 publications using search terms "exercise" and "immune") have been published since the formation of the International Society of Exercise and Immunology (ISEI) in 1989 (ISI Web of Knowledge). We recognise the epidemiological distinction between the generic term "physical activity" and the specific category of "exercise", which implies activity for a specific purpose such as improvement of physical condition or competition. Extreme physical activity of any type may have implications for the immune system. However, because of its emotive component, exercise is likely to have a larger effect, and to date the great majority of our knowledge on this subject comes from exercise studies.

1,260 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review found a growing body of rigorous studies to guide healthcare design, especially with respect to reducing the frequency of hospital-acquired infections and the state of knowledge of evidence-based healthcare design has grown rapidly in recent years.
Abstract: Objective:This report surveys and evaluates the scientific research on evidence-based healthcare design and extracts its implications for designing better and safer hospitals.Background:It builds o...

1,119 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
11 Aug 2020-BMJ
TL;DR: The patient who has a delayed recovery from an episode of covid-19 that was managed in the community or in a standard hospital ward is referred to, which can be divided into those who may have serious sequelae and those with a non-specific clinical picture, often dominated by fatigue and breathlessness.
Abstract: ### What you need to know Post-acute covid-19 (“long covid”) seems to be a multisystem disease, sometimes occurring after a relatively mild acute illness.1 Clinical management requires a whole-patient perspective.2 This article, intended for primary care clinicians, relates to the patient who has a delayed recovery from an episode of covid-19 that was managed in the community or in a standard hospital ward. Broadly, such patients can be divided into those who may have serious sequelae (such as thromboembolic complications) and those with a non-specific clinical picture, often dominated by fatigue and breathlessness. The specialist rehabilitation needs of a third group, covid-19 patients whose acute illness required intensive care, have been covered elsewhere.3 In the absence of agreed definitions, for the purposes of this article we define post-acute covid-19 as extending beyond three weeks from the onset of first symptoms and chronic covid-19 as extending beyond 12 weeks. Since many people were not tested, and false negative tests are common,4 we suggest that a positive test for covid-19 is not a prerequisite for diagnosis. ### How common is it? Around 10% of patients who have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 virus remain unwell beyond three weeks, and a smaller proportion for months (see box 1).7 This is based on the UK COVID Symptom Study, in which people enter their ongoing symptoms on a smartphone app. This percentage is lower than that cited in many published observational …

1,045 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review of molecular imaging of intact living subjects focuses specifically on small molecules, peptides, aptamers, engineered proteins, and nanoparticles and cites examples of how molecular imaging is being applied in oncology, neuroscience, cardiology, gene therapy, cell tracking, and theranostics.
Abstract: Molecular imaging is revolutionizing the way we study the inner workings of the human body, diagnose diseases, approach drug design, and assess therapies. The field as a whole is making possible the visualization of complex biochemical processes involved in normal physiology and disease states, in real time, in living cells, tissues, and intact subjects. In this review, we focus specifically on molecular imaging of intact living subjects. We provide a basic primer for those who are new to molecular imaging, and a resource for those involved in the field. We begin by describing classical molecular imaging techniques together with their key strengths and limitations, after which we introduce some of the latest emerging imaging modalities. We provide an overview of the main classes of molecular imaging agents (i.e., small molecules, peptides, aptamers, engineered proteins, and nanoparticles) and cite examples of how molecular imaging is being applied in oncology, neuroscience, cardiology, gene therapy, cell tracking, and theranostics (therapy combined with diagnostics). A step-by-step guide to answering biological and/or clinical questions using the tools of molecular imaging is also provided. We conclude by discussing the grand challenges of the field, its future directions, and enormous potential for further impacting how we approach research and medicine.

890 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A computer-aided search in bibliographic databases was done of longitudinal cohort studies, original prognostic studies, and randomized controlled trials published in the period 1966 to November 2001, which confirmed clinical experience that the initial grade of paresis is the most important predictor for motor recovery.

678 citations