scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Author

Elizabeth K. Cahoon

Other affiliations: National Institutes of Health
Bio: Elizabeth K. Cahoon is an academic researcher from United States Department of Health and Human Services. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Medicine. The author has an hindex of 15, co-authored 57 publications receiving 905 citations. Previous affiliations of Elizabeth K. Cahoon include National Institutes of Health.
Topics: Population, Medicine, Thyroid cancer, Cohort, Cancer

Papers published on a yearly basis

Papers
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This analysis demonstrates that solid cancer risks remain elevated more than 60 years after exposure, and sex-averaged upward curvature was observed in the dose response independent of adjustment for smoking.
Abstract: This is the third analysis of solid cancer incidence among the Life Span Study (LSS) cohort of atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, adding eleven years of follow-up data since the previously reported analysis. For this analysis, several changes and improvements were implemented, including updated dose estimates (DS02R1) and adjustment for smoking. Here, we focus on all solid cancers in aggregate. The eligible cohort included 105,444 subjects who were alive and had no known history of cancer at the start of follow-up. A total of 80,205 subjects had individual dose estimates and 25,239 were not in either city at the time of the bombings. The follow-up period was 1958–2009, providing 3,079,484 person-years of follow-up. Cases were identified by linkage with population-based Hiroshima and Nagasaki Cancer Registries. Poisson regression methods were used to elucidate the nature of the radiation-associated risks per Gy of weighted absorbed colon dose using both excess relative risk (ERR) and excess a...

280 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Estimated erythemal UVR exposure from satellite Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data from NASA was linked to the US Census Bureau 2000 census tract (centroid) of baseline residence for each subject, and nonlinear associations for some cancer sites were found, including the thyroid and pancreas.
Abstract: Ecologic studies have reported that solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is associated with cancer; however, little evidence is available from prospective studies. We aimed to assess the association between an objective measure of ambient UVR exposure and risk of total and site-specific cancer in a large, regionally diverse cohort [450,934 white, non-Hispanic subjects (50-71 years) in the prospective National Institutes of Health (NIH)-AARP Diet and Health Study] after accounting for individual-level confounding risk factors. Estimated erythemal UVR exposure from satellite Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data from NASA was linked to the US Census Bureau 2000 census tract (centroid) of baseline residence for each subject. We used Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for multiple potential confounders to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for quartiles of UVR exposure. Restricted cubic splines examined nonlinear relationships. Over 9 years of follow-up, UVR exposure was inversely associated with total cancer risk (N = 75,917; highest versus lowest quartile; HR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95-0.99; p-trend < 0.001). In site-specific cancer analyses, UVR exposure was associated with increased melanoma risk (highest versus lowest quartile; HR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.13-1.32; p-trend < 0.001) and decreased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.74-0.92) and colon (HR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.82-0.96), squamous cell lung (HR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.75-0.98), pleural (HR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.38-0.84), prostate (HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.88-0.95), kidney (HR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.73-0.94) and bladder (HR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.81-0.96) cancers (all p-trend < 0.05). We also found nonlinear associations for some cancer sites, including the thyroid and pancreas. Our results add to mounting evidence for the influential role of UVR exposure on cancer.

94 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: While there was little evidence of a radiation effect for laryngeal cancer, a nonsignificantly elevated risk of other respiratory cancers was observed and lung cancer risks increased with pack-years of smoking and decreased with time since quitting smoking at any level of radiation exposure.
Abstract: The Life Span Study (LSS) of Japanese atomic bomb survivors is comprised of a large, population-based cohort offering one of the best opportunities to study the relationship between exposure to radiation and incidence of respiratory cancers. Risks of lung, laryngeal and other cancers of the respiratory system were evaluated among 105,444 LSS subjects followed from 1958 to 2009. During this period, we identified 2,446 lung, 180 laryngeal and 115 other respiratory (trachea, mediastinum and other ill-defined sites) first primary incident cancer cases. Ten additional years of follow-up, improved radiation dose estimates, revised smoking data, and updated migration information were used to investigate the joint effects of radiation and smoking using Poisson regression methods. For nonsmokers, the sex-averaged excess relative risk per Gy (ERR/Gy) for lung cancer (at age 70 after radiation exposure at age 30) was estimated as 0.81 (95% CI: 0.51, 1.18) with a female-to-male ratio of 2.83. There was no evidence of...

83 citations

15 Jan 2013
TL;DR: In the full population, determinants accounted for 25% of circulating 25(OH)D variability, with similar correlations for subgroups, and in the full study population, age, race, body mass index, some seasons, hours outdoors being physically active, and vitamin D supplement use were associated with 25( OH)D levels.
Abstract: Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), a marker for vitamin D status, is associated with bone health and possibly cancers and other diseases; yet, the determinants of 25(OH)D status, particularly ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure, are poorly understood. Determinants of 25(OH)D were analyzed in a subcohort of 1,500 participants of the US Radiologic Technologists (USRT) Study that included whites (n 842), blacks (n 646), and people of other races/ethnicities (n 12). Participants were recruited monthly (20082009) across age, sex, race, and ambient UVR level groups. Questionnaires addressing UVR and other exposures were generally completed within 9 days of blood collection. The relation between potential determinants and 25(OH)D levels was examined through regression analysis in a random two-thirds sample and validated in the remaining one third. In the regression model for the full study population, age, race, body mass index, some seasons, hours outdoors being physically active, and vitamin D supplement use were associated with 25(OH)D levels. In whites, generally, the same factors were explanatory. In blacks, only age and vitamin D supplement use predicted 25(OH)D concentrations. In the full population, determinants accounted for 25 of circulating 25(OH)D variability, with similar correlations for subgroups. Despite detailed data on UVR and other factors near the time of blood collection, the ability to explain 25(OH)D was modest.

64 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
14 May 2021-Science
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic characteristics of 440 Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) from Ukraine (from 359 individuals with estimated childhood 131I exposure and 81 unexposed children born after 1986).
Abstract: The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident increased papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) incidence in surrounding regions, particularly for radioactive iodine (131I)-exposed children. We analyzed genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic characteristics of 440 PTCs from Ukraine (from 359 individuals with estimated childhood 131I exposure and 81 unexposed children born after 1986). PTCs displayed radiation dose-dependent enrichment of fusion drivers, nearly all in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and increases in small deletions and simple/balanced structural variants that were clonal and bore hallmarks of nonhomologous end-joining repair. Radiation-related genomic alterations were more pronounced for individuals who were younger at exposure. Transcriptomic and epigenomic features were strongly associated with driver events but not radiation dose. Our results point to DNA double-strand breaks as early carcinogenic events that subsequently enable PTC growth after environmental radiation exposure.

61 citations


Cited by
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys should be considered as a legitimate method for answering the question of why people do not respond to survey questions.
Abstract: 25. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. By D. B. Rubin. ISBN 0 471 08705 X. Wiley, Chichester, 1987. 258 pp. £30.25.

3,216 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wright et al. as mentioned in this paper show that wiele korzyści wynikających z dzialania witaminy D na organizm czlowieka na wszystkichetapach jego zycia wiekszośc badan epidemiologicznych sugeruje, ze niedobor witaminą D, ktore przeslano do czlonkow Komitetu Naukowego konfere
Abstract: Wstep: Wyniki badan z ostatnich lat dokumentują wiele korzyści wynikających z dzialania witaminy D na organizm czlowieka na wszystkichetapach jego zycia Wiekszośc badan epidemiologicznych sugeruje, ze niedobor witaminy D jest powszechny wśrod mieszkancow EuropyŚrodkowej Naturalną konsekwencją tej sytuacji jest koniecznośc ciąglego uświadamiania spoleczenstwu oraz środowisku medycznemu,jaką role odgrywa witamina D w rozwoju i funkcjonowaniu organizmu ludzkiego Metody: Na podstawie przeglądu danych literaturowych Polski Zespol Wielodyscyplinarny opracowal tezy dotyczące zasad suplementacjiwitaminą D, ktore przeslano do czlonkow Komitetu Naukowego konferencji „Witamina D — minimum, maksimum, optimum”,19–20 Październik, 2012, Warszawa W trakcie powyzszej konferencji z udzialem 550 delegatow oraz Ekspertow roznych dziedzin medycynyomowiono i przedyskutowano propozycje wytycznych suplementacji witaminą D populacji Europy Środkowej Wyniki: W efekcie przeprowadzonych dyskusji Zespol Ekspertow opracowal wytyczne suplementacji witaminą D dla wszystkich grupwiekowych populacji Europy Środkowej Określono rowniez kryteria diagnostyczne charakteryzujące stan zaopatrzenia organizmu w witamine D: deficyt witaminy D ustalono jako stezenie 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL (< 50 nmol/L)], suboptymalne zaopatrzenie jako stezenie25(OH)D wynoszące 20–30 ng/mL (50–75 nmol/L), a stezenie 30–50 ng/mL (75–125 nmol/L) uznano za docelowe dla zapewnienia efektuplejotropowego witaminy D Wnioski: Poprawa obecnego stanu zaopatrzenia witaminy D w grupach dzieci, mlodziezy, osob aktywnych zawodowo i seniorowpowinna zostac wlączona do priorytetow polityki zdrowotnej spoleczenstw Europy Środkowej

415 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
06 Mar 2018-JAMA
TL;DR: A diagnostic approach that uses ultrasound and, when indicated, fine-needle aspiration biopsy and molecular testing, facilitates a personalized, risk-based protocol that promotes high-quality care and minimizes cost and unnecessary testing.
Abstract: Importance Thyroid nodules are common, being detected in up to 65% of the general population. This is likely due to the increased use of diagnostic imaging for purposes unrelated to the thyroid. Most thyroid nodules are benign, clinically insignificant, and safely managed with a surveillance program. The main goal of initial and long-term follow-up is identification of the small subgroup of nodules that harbor a clinically significant cancer (≈10%), cause compressive symptoms (≈5%), or progress to functional disease (≈5%). Observations Thyroid function testing and ultrasonographic characteristics guide the initial management of thyroid nodules. Certain ultrasound features, such as a cystic or spongiform appearance, suggest a benign process that does not require additional testing. Suspicious sonographic patterns including solid composition, hypoechogenicity, irregular margins, and microcalcifications should prompt cytological evaluation. Additional diagnostic procedures, such as molecular testing, are indicated only in selected cases, such as indeterminate cytology (≈20%-30% of all biopsies). The initial risk estimate, derived from ultrasound and, if performed, cytology report, should determine the need for treatment and the type, frequency, and length of subsequent follow-up. Management includes simple observation, local treatments, and surgery and should be based on the estimated risk of malignancy and the presence and severity of compressive symptoms. Conclusions and Relevance Most thyroid nodules are benign. A diagnostic approach that uses ultrasound and, when indicated, fine-needle aspiration biopsy and molecular testing, facilitates a personalized, risk-based protocol that promotes high-quality care and minimizes cost and unnecessary testing.

386 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three panels of experts, one of which is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with two focal issues, the effects of increased UV radiation on human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality, and materials and interactions between UV radiation and global climate change.
Abstract: The complexity of the linkages between ozone depletion, UV-B radiation and climate change has become more apparent.

234 citations